tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31714908114482735802024-03-13T03:06:13.044-07:00PAST AND FUTURE PRESENT(S)ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.comBlogger99125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-76991392007290407762024-03-01T08:14:00.000-08:002024-03-01T09:45:07.336-08:00Each Palestinian is True: On Solidarity <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ2e6W6wbLR0IsNqrGJLUUJ670ft1MQQmpDSLMIoYquHiFUGdEc0rOMKlMPNjNlVWHM2V50OPPNdmktQdzZRufxXxek5JoucsgjWx3Lsfd0w6I8x0yDo63paE8zMVEEwGNk1rhpee9ztESkpX5eJYxZdddMmB8hPZw9dNArSu33voYA7QaCAveylcnNYw/s1698/Kesteman%20safir.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="1698" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ2e6W6wbLR0IsNqrGJLUUJ670ft1MQQmpDSLMIoYquHiFUGdEc0rOMKlMPNjNlVWHM2V50OPPNdmktQdzZRufxXxek5JoucsgjWx3Lsfd0w6I8x0yDo63paE8zMVEEwGNk1rhpee9ztESkpX5eJYxZdddMmB8hPZw9dNArSu33voYA7QaCAveylcnNYw/w640-h387/Kesteman%20safir.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Francoise Kesteman's funeral march and burial at the Martyr's Cemetery in the Shatila refugee camp, Beiurt. Via: <i>al-Safir </i>11 October, 1984.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Each Palestinian is true.</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;">— Jean Genet, in an interview from 1983. “Jean Genet: Affirmation of Existence Through Rebellion,” <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i> 16:2 (1987), 74. </span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">I am fully committed to the Palestinian revolution, I am happy, my life is in danger. </span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;">— Francoise Kesteman, in a message to her former husband two months before she was killed by Israeli forces during a guerrilla operation in southern Lebanon. “French woman turned from nurse to guerrilla,” <i>United Press International </i>(25 September, 1984). Beirut’s <i>al-Safir</i> newspaper reported these words as “Francoise’s Will,” <i>al-Safir</i> (26 September, 1984), 12. </span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">After all these years I spent with the Palestinians, I became one of them. </span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Roboto Slab"; font-size: medium;">— Faiz Ahmad Faiz, in an interview with the Palestinian researcher Abd al-Qadir Yasin months before his death (1984). <i>Faiz A. Faiz: The Living World </i>(Tunis: Lotus Books, 1987), 79.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">But lest my judgements and concerns be misunderstood, I should begin by affirming my solidarity with you is fraternal. In the marvelously universal terms in which Arab patriots defined Arabism, I should be counted as an Arab. Syed Haider Abdel Shafi shall surely recall the century-ol definition offered at the outset of the Arab national movement: <i>Kullu munn kanu arabun fi lughatihim, va thaqafathihim, va valaihim fa hum al-arab</i> (All those who are Arab in their language, culture, and feeling are Arabs). In this age of sectarian and exclusionary nationalism, this was an open invitation I could not resist. So, meant this way, I am an Arab and entitled to making harsh judgements on the man-made disasters that pile on us. </span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;">— Eqbal Ahmad in his remarks at “Gaza’s first human rights conference” in 1994. “An Address in Gaza,” <i>The Selected Writings of Eqbal Ahmed,</i> Carollee Bengelsdorf, Margaret Cerullo, and Yogesh Chandrani, eds., (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 377. </span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">There’s first the issue of who is a Palestinian. Many people take a biological stand on this—nationality goes by paternal descent. If my father is Palestinian, I am Palestinian. I’m not with this idea—not because I want to make a claim to be Palestinian myself, but because I consider it a political choice, a political identity. People who are not born Palestinian, but who are active for the cause, shouldn’t they be considered Palestinian? <span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">For example, there is Jean Calder, an Australian woman who adopted three handicapped Palestinian children. I first got to know her during the invasion of 1982—I came across her in a shelter with these three handicapped kids, one of them clinging round her neck. At the same time, she was working with the Palestinian Red Crescent. I saw her again in Khan Yunis in 1998, still with the Red Crescent, and still with the three kids. If Jean isn’t considered a Palestinian mother, something is wrong.</span></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;">— Rosemary Sayigh, in an interview with Mayssoun Sukarieh in 2008. “Speaking Palestinian: An Interview with Rosemary Sayigh,” <i>Journal of Palestine Studies </i>38:4 (2009), 26.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">I wish for my remains to be cremated. I do not wish for my ashes to be scattered or my remains to be buried as my body does not belong anywhere in this world. If a time comes when Palestinians regain control of their land, and if the people native to the land would be open to the possibility, I would love for my ashes to be scattered in a free Palestine.</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Roboto Slab";"><span style="font-size: medium;">— Aaron Bushnell’s will <a href="https://crimethinc.com/2024/02/29/memories-of-aaron-bushnell-as-recounted-by-his-friends" target="_blank">(2024)</a>.</span></span></p></blockquote><div class="css-175oi2r r-1wbh5a2 r-dnmrzs r-1ny4l3l" style="aalign-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="css-1rynq56 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-adyw6z r-135wba7 r-1vr29t4 r-1awozwy r-6koalj r-1udh08x" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-font-kerning: auto; 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position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="css-175oi2r r-1wbh5a2 r-dnmrzs r-1ny4l3l" style="align-items: stretch; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 1; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 0;" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-175oi2r" style="align-items: stretch; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"></div></div></div>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-90599794718032299282023-12-19T09:36:00.000-08:002023-12-19T21:00:41.130-08:00Preface to the Portuguese Translation of "Empire and Arab Indology" <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Aht7rxDKFWosy3g8CI_8yYl4gO99tkGa6xwCwlRX8VkvlADzdxLZRUcvu1b77FOTQ22N2gnbsUSe9hANW3X79D3SNE1Wa2PNfdCSwXIaXGvRq3E1MHPR0W4qAXPWgzgJXAGUNCWwwxCL8nyK5tzAwQWJq2yAAAOZeYoAYlBmI3lk_KNE9WfmMA7C1Rs/s1898/Screen%20Shot%202023-12-19%20at%2012.32.55%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1898" data-original-width="1756" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Aht7rxDKFWosy3g8CI_8yYl4gO99tkGa6xwCwlRX8VkvlADzdxLZRUcvu1b77FOTQ22N2gnbsUSe9hANW3X79D3SNE1Wa2PNfdCSwXIaXGvRq3E1MHPR0W4qAXPWgzgJXAGUNCWwwxCL8nyK5tzAwQWJq2yAAAOZeYoAYlBmI3lk_KNE9WfmMA7C1Rs/w592-h640/Screen%20Shot%202023-12-19%20at%2012.32.55%20PM.png" width="592" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Wadi' al-Bustani (1888–1954). Frontispiece to <i>Al-Mahabharata: al-Malhama al-Hinduwiyya</i> (Beirut, 1952).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Thanks to the support of the Institute for Contemporary History at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, my </span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Modern Intellectual History </span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">article <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1A7zTuCbBKshpgn-xdtsiYPveXUXnJ8sz/view" target="_blank">“Empire and Arab Indology”</a> will be published soon in Portuguese translation as part of the <a href="https://imprensa.ihc.fcsh.unl.pt/livros-transitos/" target="_blank">“Trânsitos”</a> series. The article deals principally with the past, with the life and work of Wadi’ al-Bustani (1888 -1954), the Lebanese-Palestinian poet, lawyer, and translator. I’ve reproduced the preface below in its original English as it deals (historically) with the present situation.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-510680e7-7fff-20d1-fca5-b3c766167e5f"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4f6efb10-7fff-91a6-7fc2-c09eb68606d0"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p></span></span></blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-510680e7-7fff-20d1-fca5-b3c766167e5f"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4f6efb10-7fff-91a6-7fc2-c09eb68606d0"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**** </span></span></p></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Wadi’ al-Bustani faced the present head on. His poetry was almost exclusively political in orientation. If his form was conservative and his diction archaic, his politics were radical, attuned fundamentally to the challenges of the day: British imperialism and Zionist settler-colonialism.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">While his poems—published in Palestinian dailies and recited in the Palestinian streets—were by necessity occasional and timely, his philology was decidedly not. He sought, through decades of research, travel, and translation, to uncover deep truths about language through his own practice of Indology. But even timeless pursuits are punctuated by time. As my article recounts, Bustani prefaced his Arabic </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Mahabharata </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">with reference to the new reality surrounding his home, namely, the establishment of the State of Israel, the severing of Haifa from the Levant (and Bustani from his children in Lebanon), and the ethnic cleansing of Palestine.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">And as I write about Bustani writing about Israel’s beginnings, the world is perhaps witnessing Israel’s end. Like the settler-colonies that preceded it, Israel is desperate. Gripped by denial, Israeli leaders are seeking, with multi-ton bombs, to put an end to the recalcitrant problem of the native. But in this genocidal activity, Israel does not work alone. As ever, Israel’s murder and maiming of Palestinians is a project assiduously supported by the North Atlantic (and, at least in the theaters of the United Nations, some hardly sovereign islands in America’s Pacific empire). On this score, we may recall some words from Amílcar Cabral’s forward to Basil Davidson’s 1969 report on the PAIGC’s revolution:</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">No illusions, though. Everyone knows that Portugal does not make any aircraft, not even as toys for children. Our situation—this Portugues aggression against our people—also involves the allies of Portugal, including Great Britain and the United States. And there too our struggle brings another gain: it teaches us to know the friends and enemies of our people, of Africa.¹</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here, Cabral echoes C.L.R. James in 1960, reporting on Ghana’s revolution from Accra. “You see,” James said, “I don’t bother with the enemies of Africa. They are enemies, they are over there, that is no problem; we just have to fight them to the end, that is all.”²Palestine’s enemies are fairly easy to identify—they commonly dwell in parliaments and boardrooms, in imperial universities and colonial bureaucracies, in Merkava battle tanks and F-15 fighter jets, at the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">New York Times </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">and CNN. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">What our present predicament has revealed more clearly than ever is the number and location of Palestine’s friends. Cabral was an old friend, his revolution was entangled with ours and with others. “We are with the refugees,” Cabral announced at Dar es Salam in 1965, “the martyrised refugees of Palestine, who have been tricked and driven from their own homeland by the maneuvers of imperialism. We are on the side of the Palestinian refugees and we support wholeheartedly all that the sons of Palestine are doing to liberate their country.”³When hundreds assembled alongside Cabral in Khartoum for the International Conference in Support of the Peoples of Portuguese Colonies and Southern Africa in January 1969, the PLO was there. And when many of the same delegates traveled up the Nile to Cairo a few days later for the Second International Conference in Support of the Arab Peoples, the PAIGC was among them. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Meetings and statements, mediated by translation and nourished by solidarity, were the infrastructure of internationalism. This international sustained the PAIGC through the transfer of arms and knowledge, in demonstrations and publications, even with flesh and blood. “Some Frenchmen have formed a committee to send us blood” Gil Fernendez, the PAIGC’s representative in Cairo told </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ufahamu </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">in 1970, “Every two weeks a plane comes from Paris which stops in Conakry from where we can get the blood. So this is the blood of Frenchmen while the French government helps Portugal. Funny war.”⁴The present war on Palestine has stretched the vast distance between official support for genocide and popular support for the Palestinians to its breaking point.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Between ideas and actions, are methods and tactics. “Empire and Arab Indology,” considers the content and conditions of Wadi’ al-Bustani’s political and philological approach. I ask, through his example: must the study of another people be one of mastery and domination? Edward Said—great critic of imperial power and imperial knowledge—once counterposed Ernest Renan, “the philologist as judge” and Louis Massignon, “the philologist as guest.” Renan, Said wrote, surveyed “lesser religions like Islam with disdain,” Massignon on the other hand was “the rarest-veined unraveler of Islamic civilization the West has produced.”⁵ Time was the fulcrum of Renan’s philological judgment. Massignon’s philology, in contrast, was spatial in orientation. Topography, rather than typography, was the engine of Massignon’s inquiry. Bustani, in his study of India, was a kind of guest, or friend. For him, India was at once a territory brimming with difference and a geography inextricable from his own home. Finally, anti-colonialism, in a way even the most sympathetic European orientalist could not fathom, drove Bustani’s intellectual labors forward.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">My article on Bustani is a kind of pre-history of an era of public and prolific solidarity. The conditions of Bustani’s imperial career, between British India and British Palestine, was the ground upon which a powerful anti-colonialism was made in the twentieth century. It is an anti-colonialism that many millions still carry upon their shoulders today.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Esmat Elhalaby</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Toronto</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">December 15, 2023</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><hr /><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">¹. Amílcar Cabral, “Forward,” in Basil Davidson, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Liberation of Guinea: Aspects of an African Revolution </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(London: Penguin, 1969), 14.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">². C.L.R. James, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(Westport: Lawrence Hill and Company, 1977), 167.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">³. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #000033; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Amílcar Cabral, “The Nationalist Movements of the Portuguese Colonies,” </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #000033; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Revolution in Guinea, </span><span style="color: #000033; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ed. and trans., Richard Handyside (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1969), 62.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="color: #000033; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="color: #000033; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁴. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“A Talk with a Guinean Revolutionary,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ufahamu </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1:1 (Spring 1970), 16.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁵. Edward Said, “Islam, the Philological Vocation, and French Culture: Renan and Massignon,” in Malcolm H. Kerr, ed., </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Islamic Studies: a Tradition and its Problems </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(Malibu: Undena Publications, 1980), 71.</span></span></p><br /></span><p></p>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-85993103930644732382023-12-10T16:22:00.000-08:002024-02-04T17:46:43.922-08:00The University in Ruins <span id="docs-internal-guid-acdcfe5d-7fff-0009-c524-ea12c72bcf80"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFXP-mk_sYBVilttmlYqei6PNkFYmZRZEegUQRv5EkU4DNTQMIyNJRtG7137Hu04_p2rnGuaSqDWm84ladznbiwHANhuLOchYxCLbod94uVYegmJm4LpOiqE8TklXhJmR5CkAIJuBwLsQ-VrBm2az2PXUXnIp7buJ-vFSPQoNMnN7Hyx2-arRjDcbHQw/s2048/Islamic%20uni.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFXP-mk_sYBVilttmlYqei6PNkFYmZRZEegUQRv5EkU4DNTQMIyNJRtG7137Hu04_p2rnGuaSqDWm84ladznbiwHANhuLOchYxCLbod94uVYegmJm4LpOiqE8TklXhJmR5CkAIJuBwLsQ-VrBm2az2PXUXnIp7buJ-vFSPQoNMnN7Hyx2-arRjDcbHQw/w640-h360/Islamic%20uni.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">The Islamic University of Gaza at present.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">We return to David P. Barrows to follow his career as he rises to the heights of academic prominence and power. For seven years he stumped the state of California, proclaiming the destiny of the Stars and Stripes to float from the North Pole to the South. The world was to be divided up, it was our business to get our share; we should win because we were better organized, more efficient; the world would not tolerate small nations; strong men must rule. And presently came a chance for strong men to rule in Mexico; but the strong men had at their head a weakling by the name of Woodrow Wilson, who refused to act. You might think there would be some impropriety, some violation of military precedence, in a university dean’s attacking a former university president, who had become President of the United States; but when Woodrow Wilson took Vera Cruz, and then refused to take the rest of Mexico, Dean Barrows rushed to the front, denouncing him before chambers of commerce, and being reported in the interlocking newspapers. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">We shall note in the course of this book many cases of college professors forbidden to take part in “outside activities,” and especially to get themselves into the newspapers. The professor’s place is the classroom, we are told; and to this there is only one exception—when the professor is advocating more loot for the exploiters who pay him his salary. Shortly after this Vera Cruz affair the San Francisco “Star” published some revelations concerning our imperialist dean, stating that at the very time he was campaigning for intervention, he was vice-president of the Vera Cruz Land & Cattle Company. A friend who knows Dean Barrows well, defended him to me by the statement that his holdings in this company were not valuable. When I asked how valuable they might have become if the United States had conquered Mexico, my friend changed the subject. </span></span></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Upton Sinclair, <i>The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education </i>(1923) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It is, indeed, a safe generalization that in point of fact the average of university presidents fall short of the average of their academic staff in scholarly or scientific attainments, even when all persons employed as instructors are counted as members of the staff. It may also be remarked by the way that when, as may happen, a scholar or scientist takes office as directive head of a university, he is commonly lost to the republic of learning; he has in effect passed from the ranks of learning to those of business enterprise. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Thorstein Veblen, <i>The Higher Learning In America: A Memorandum On the Conduct of Universities By Business Men</i> (1918) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">**** </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2FozTjWYTZUZTxloPCcQcOquItmxAfZe2xi0Hko4qMuoCzyh-Y9spMblvHBNyChMNqmvCck-CY5MDlSDok-NaC8ZIvRGJFOYmCLBO6BC_aFDb3oTJY_7wRwyTPSb3F9IRp-zYi-DtTtychZbIy38-J9gGIr5kuELJ_m4M3suLzkfxsOCPALL5-w9LCs/s720/azhar.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="720" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2FozTjWYTZUZTxloPCcQcOquItmxAfZe2xi0Hko4qMuoCzyh-Y9spMblvHBNyChMNqmvCck-CY5MDlSDok-NaC8ZIvRGJFOYmCLBO6BC_aFDb3oTJY_7wRwyTPSb3F9IRp-zYi-DtTtychZbIy38-J9gGIr5kuELJ_m4M3suLzkfxsOCPALL5-w9LCs/w640-h408/azhar.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Al-Azhar University of Gaza at present.</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">One other thing, when I was on the board of regents, a General Dynamics [Corporation] president—General Dynamics was the big airplane manufacturer in the San Diego area—came to the board of regents and said, "We've got this great company. We need all these Ph.D.s, and we can't get them. They won't come to San Diego, because there's no university affiliate for them to be close to." And he said, "It's shocking. Here's a great guy that we need, and we're offering him all kinds of money. He's saying, no, he wants to be close to a university affiliate." So he petitioned the regents to change the oceanography thing down there in San Diego... to a campus of the University of California, and if we would do that, they—General Dynamics—would contribute a million dollars. Well, now a million dollars isn't... And we accepted it. We opened the University of California, San Diego, on his petition and his gift of a million dollars. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><i>Oral History Interview with Cyril C. Nigg, Regent, University of California, 1955-1957 </i>(California State Archives State Government Oral History Program, 1993). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Academic people approve of critical and dispassionate inquiry, yet at the same time they carry placards and write letters to editors. Scholars are content to work quietly when they believe sound judgment is operating and can operate, but they cannot remain silent when they believe that those in authority have ignored important information or forsaken sound judgment on matters of national importance. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It was such a moment of frustration last June 11 that the New Haven Committee on the Middle East Crisis first met and began its efforts. We were alarmed that the American public and its political leaders seemed oblivious to the complexity of the Middle East situation and ready to sacrifice the destinies of other peoples as well as our own in a total and uncritical identification of America with the nation which took the offensive in the June War. </span></span></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Michael C. Hudson and Willard G. Oxtoby, <i>America and the Middle East: Report of a Conference Held at Yale University November 3, 1967 </i>(New Haven: New Haven Committee on the Middle East Crisis, March 1968).</span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-42575339825713753222023-12-07T05:01:00.000-08:002023-12-07T05:01:27.028-08:00Palestine Live: Benjamin Zephaniah (1958 – 2023) in Gaza <p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Peace to Benjamin Zephaniah, who died this morning, the 7th of December 2023. Two years ago, during Israel’s last campaign against the Palestinian people in Gaza—one of many steps towards Israel’s current genocidal efforts—I wrote an essay about the people of Gaza and their friends. The title, “A Global People,” came from Zephaniah’s 1995 track, “Palestine.” I’ve excerpted the relevant section from that essay, published in the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Arab Studies Journal, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">below. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-e615fce8-7fff-1371-220e-9ef74173ed88"><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWCi54oLlcvUCQSA6UOB9dlyrjs5J8_qJ3m376o1GwfrmO-WayXHa9bSliNt0QbI78yhoViJjFfGbThLQK2xvdgPeGYdO24QhsSWDYdpmYn-IH7-pHoJ9Q_eHgyrACjpxADiWn4BuErOtpxbTkbIoDe9mDCnJUJ2Vj_0DMaQBXPU6XJJn4m-bwvnxznT8/s4884/20231207070350_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4884" data-original-width="3424" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWCi54oLlcvUCQSA6UOB9dlyrjs5J8_qJ3m376o1GwfrmO-WayXHa9bSliNt0QbI78yhoViJjFfGbThLQK2xvdgPeGYdO24QhsSWDYdpmYn-IH7-pHoJ9Q_eHgyrACjpxADiWn4BuErOtpxbTkbIoDe9mDCnJUJ2Vj_0DMaQBXPU6XJJn4m-bwvnxznT8/w448-h640/20231207070350_001.jpg" width="448" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Benjamin Zephaniah, <i>Rasta Time in Palestine </i>(Liverpool: Shakti Publishing Ltd., 1990).</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">****</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">[In 1988] the British-Jamaican dub poet, Benjamin Zephaniah, made a visit [to Palestine]. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rasta Time in Palestine, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">the account of his trip he published a year later in 1990, is a slim and evocative volume, illustrated by Jez Coulson’s black-and-white photographs of Palestinians. Zephaniah moves effortlessly across subjects. He examines Israeli meddling in African affairs and the politics of Rastafari, including a section on “Rastafari and Zionism.” He writes that everywhere he went in the “Arab world” he fielded questions about Rastafari symbols and tropes. “Zion in Rastafari terminology has always been Ethiopia,” Zephaniah makes clear.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">In describing his visit to Gaza, Zephaniah reached for the same analogy many Palestinian writers had come to on their own in years prior, “it reminded me of pictures I have seen of Nazi concentration camps. Some may argue that there are many differences, but again, it was similarities that I notice: the large fences, people being marched off, etc.” The situation today, more than seventy years since Gaza’s initial enclosure, has only worsened. When the United Nations predicted in 2012 that Gaza would be “unlivable” by 2020, it was responding not simply to the deterioration of economic conditions that Sara Roy first described as “de-development” in the middle 1980s, but also to the continuous cruelty of a multi-year siege and blockade that has immiserated and isolated the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip. And yet, Gaza only captures headlines when it is bombed in spectacular fashion. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Gaza’s past is little known and rarely studied, but it is a revolutionary past rich in ideas and movement, not simply death, destitution, and isolation. Recalling its political and intellectual history is an ever necessary task. The history of Gaza cannot be buried beneath the present’s rubble. There is no need to “humanize” the people of Gaza, but it would be prudent for the world to consider their aims and desires. “What the people wanted was a poetry reading,” Zephaniah wrote from Gaza, “and I was really excited by the idea. Word spread quickly that I was a poet and I had to prove it, but after making inquiries, I learned that poetry was not allowed because I could draw a crowd.”</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGKajHdtDVY&ab_channel=IvanZamudio" target="_blank">“Palestine,”</a> on Zephaniah’s 1995 album </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Back to Roots</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, is a moving poetic tribute: “Work your land work your plan / You are a live nation / You are a global people / Suffer much evil / And now you just want get along.” At the end of the track, “Palestine Live!” reverberates as a powerful refrain: “Dancing eyes collect your prize / Palestine Live! / Rise up like the star you are / Palestine Live!”</span></span></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800027272727273; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Esmat Elhalaby, “A Global People,” </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Arab Studies Journal </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">29:2 (Fall 2021), 156-162. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xVE9jcxnUs-3ENX5NEy5eFpWdownS1JA/view" target="_blank">PDF</a></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-83309743662175514052023-11-29T19:29:00.000-08:002023-11-29T19:31:58.498-08:00When the Palestinian Historian Walid Khalidi Met Kissinger (1961)<p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjckICqJAGkhw9d_Jx4JoAyXnVtR_AezT1vpmOyPMrqPrOS7sxRUguyzPJXar2Sf6BwVh9zZF-mGblRA5BBxR8kRGX2OglwyurBVwF-sgS11az973tmjIle2VMZ9cxucd9IWXm0IoxX0-_dJZrv3_YP_Ux9wnjIC3c3KVZR9ebIQZcr3_hpFlbNRkB0fw/s1000/710IpYeCwXL._AC_UF894,1000_QL80_.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="737" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjckICqJAGkhw9d_Jx4JoAyXnVtR_AezT1vpmOyPMrqPrOS7sxRUguyzPJXar2Sf6BwVh9zZF-mGblRA5BBxR8kRGX2OglwyurBVwF-sgS11az973tmjIle2VMZ9cxucd9IWXm0IoxX0-_dJZrv3_YP_Ux9wnjIC3c3KVZR9ebIQZcr3_hpFlbNRkB0fw/w472-h640/710IpYeCwXL._AC_UF894,1000_QL80_.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Henry Kissinger dressed as terrorist (1974).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Since I mentioned my meeting with Scranton, I might as well mention my encounter with the </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Herr Doktor</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. This was in 1961, at a cocktail party in the idyllic surroundings of Harvard University in Cambridge. Dr. Henry Kissinger approached me, having been told I was Palestinian. </span></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“You are Palestinian?” </span></span></p></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“Yes.” </span></span></p></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“What is your solution to the Palestine Problem?” he asks. </span></span></p></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“There are many parties in the conflict, not just the Arabs,” I say. </span></span></p></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“What parties?” the Doctor asks. </span></span></p></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“The World Zionist Organization, for example,” I say. </span></span></p></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“The World Zionist Organization? What is that?” the Doctor asks. </span></span></p></span></blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-d514c279-7fff-2447-0c3c-b8c2b3a80914"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It is now my turn to ask, “You mean you have never heard of the World Zionist Organization?” </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">“Never,” he says. At this we smartly perform a duet, turn our backs to each other, and march in opposite directions. Let us hope the Doctor has done his homework since then as a good professor should. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Walid Khalidi, "Towards and Adjustment of Political Perception in Arab Society," in <i>The Middle East: Five Perspectives (</i>North Dartmouth, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc., Information Papers no. 7 October, 1973), 15-16. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></blockquote><br /></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-64826579188289214362023-11-29T13:50:00.000-08:002023-11-29T13:50:53.919-08:00Isaac Deutscher on the Confused Left (1967) <p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKFo1wXTOsdbKMlrxHCdj37zceC3BTk88Og08uCTdGB7IcBpzoXJdisyRtFBNJBqxJ6P1uiPGX8yrJp9ASsjQLSDiv62iiScd2DdVqTSsCTL_NNB_fZXCMwjzhqvRMos630s-VC1ToZvXvT0cNQFNMhxyPaO7a4dN2agKkmAj1w2nQVBk8_ZYDTVKiBH4/s768/Gaza-110774.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="768" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKFo1wXTOsdbKMlrxHCdj37zceC3BTk88Og08uCTdGB7IcBpzoXJdisyRtFBNJBqxJ6P1uiPGX8yrJp9ASsjQLSDiv62iiScd2DdVqTSsCTL_NNB_fZXCMwjzhqvRMos630s-VC1ToZvXvT0cNQFNMhxyPaO7a4dN2agKkmAj1w2nQVBk8_ZYDTVKiBH4/w640-h458/Gaza-110774.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Israeli soldiers in Gaza City (1967). Via palestineremembered.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The confusion of the international Left has been undeniable and widespread. I shall not speak here of such ‘friends of Israel’ as M. Mollet and his company, who, like Lord Avon and Selwyn Lloyd, saw in this war a continuation of the Suez campaign and their revenge for their discomfiture in 1956. Nor shall I waste words on the right wing Zionist lobby in the Labour Party. But even on the ‘extreme Left’ of that party men like Sidney Silverman behaved in a way as if designed to illustrate someone’s saying: ‘Scratch a Jewish left-winger and you find only a Zionist.’</span></span></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-9ec77d7c-7fff-b96d-15c7-e9a9a4f028e4" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But the confusion showed itself even further on the Left and affected people with an otherwise unimpeachable record of struggle against imperialism. A French writer known for his courageous stand against the wars in Algeria and Vietnam this time called for solidarity with Israel, declaring that if Israel’s survival demanded American intervention, he would favour it and even raise the cry ‘</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vive le President Johnson</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’. Didn’t it occur to him how incongruous it was to cry ‘</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A bas Johnson!</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’ in Vietnam and ‘</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vive!</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’ in Israel? Jean-Paul Sartre also called, though with reservations, for solidarity with Israel, but then spoke frankly of the confusion in his own mind and its reasons. During the Second World War, he said, as a member of the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resistance</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> he learned to look upon the Jew as upon a brother to be defended in all circumstances. During the Algerian war the Arabs were his brothers, and he stood by them. The present conflict was therefore for him a fratricidal struggle in which he was unable to exercise cool judgment and was overwhelmed by conflicting emotions.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Still, we must exercise our judgment and must not allow it to be clouded by emotions and memories, however deep or haunting. We should not allow even invocations of Auschwitz to blackmail us into supporting the wrong cause. I am speaking as a Marxist of Jewish origin, whose next-of-kin perished in Auschwitz and whose relatives live in Israel. To justify or condone Israel’s wars against the Arabs is to render Israel a very bad service indeed and to harm its own long term interest. Israel’s security, let me repeat, was not enhanced by the wars of 1956 and 1967; it was undermined and compromised. The ‘friends of Israel’ have in fact abetted Israel in a ruinous course.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They have also, willy-nilly, abetted the reactionary mood that took hold of Israel during the crisis. It was only with disgust that I could watch on television the scenes from Israel in those days; the displays of the conquerors’ pride and brutality; the outbursts of chauvinism; and the wild celebrations of the inglorious triumph, all contrasting sharply with the pictures of Arab suffering and desolation, the treks of Jordanian refugees and the bodies of Egyptian soldiers killed by thirst in the desert. I looked at the medieval figures of the rabbis and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">khassidim</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> jumping with joy at the Wailing Wall; and I felt how the ghosts of Talmudic obscurantism—and I know these only too well—crowded in on the country, and how the reactionary atmosphere had grown dense and stifling. Then came the many interviews with General Dayan, the hero and saviour, with the political mind of a regimental sergeant-major, ranting about annexations and venting a raucous callousness about the fate of the Arabs in the conquered areas. (‘What do they matter to me?’ ‘As far as I am concerned, they may stay or they may go.’) Already wrapped in a phoney military legend—the legend is phoney for Dayan neither planned nor conducted the six days’ campaign—he cut a rather sinister figure, suggesting the candidate to the dictator’s post: the hint was conveyed that if the civilian parties get too ‘soft’ on the Arabs this new Joshua, this mini-de Gaulle, will teach them a lesson, himself take power, and raise Israel’s ‘glory’ even higher. And behind Dayan there was Beigin, Minister and leader of the extreme right-wing Zionists, who had long claimed even Trans-Jordania as part of ‘historic’ Israel. A reactionary war inevitably breeds the heroes, the moods, and the consequences in which its character and aims are faithfully mirrored.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">On a deeper historical level the Jewish tragedy finds in Israel a dismal sequel. Israel’s leaders exploit in self-justification, and over-exploit Auschwitz and Treblinka; but their actions mock the real meaning of the Jewish tragedy.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">European Jews paid a horrible price for the role they had played in past ages, and not of their own choosing, as representatives of a market economy, of ‘money’, among peoples living in a natural, money-less, agricultural economy. They were the conspicuous carriers of early capitalism, traders and money lenders, in pre-capitalist society. As modern capitalism developed, their role in it, though still conspicuous, became less than secondary. In Eastern Europe the bulk of the Jewish people consisted of poverty-stricken artisans, small traders, proletarians, semi-proletarians, and outright paupers. But the image of the rich Jewish merchant and usurer (the descendent also of Christ’s crucifiers) lived on in Gentile folklore and remained engraved on the popular mind, stirring distrust and fear. The Nazis seized this image, magnified it to colossal dimensions, and constantly held it before the eyes of the masses.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">August Bebel once said that anti-semitism is the ‘socialism of the fools’. There was plenty of that kind of ‘socialism’ about, and all too little of the genuine socialism, in the era of the Great Slump, and of the mass unemployment and mass despair of the 1930’s. The European working classes were unable to overthrow the bourgeois order; but the hatred of capitalism was intense and widespread enough to force an outlet for itself and focus on a scapegoat. Among the lower middle classes, the <i>lumpenbourgeoisie</i>, and the <i>lumpenproletariat</i> a frustrated anti-capitalism merged with fear of communism and neurotic xenophobia. These moods fed on crumbs of a mouldering historic reality which Nazism used to the utmost. The impact of Nazi Jew-baiting was so powerful in part because the image of the Jew as the alien and vicious ‘blood-sucker’ was to all too many people still an actuality. This accounted also for the relative indifference and the passivity with which so many non-Germans viewed the slaughter of the Jews. The socialism of the fools gleefully watched Shylock led to the gas chamber.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Israel promised not merely to give the survivors of the EuropeanJewish communities a ‘National Home’ but also to free them from the fatal stigma. This was the message of the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kibbutzim</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the Histadruth, and even of Zionism at large. The Jews were to cease to be unproductive elements, shopkeepers, economic and cultural interlopers, carriers of capitalism. They were to settle in ‘their own land’ as ‘productive workers’.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Yet they now appear in the Middle East once again in the invidious role of agents not so much of their own, relatively feeble, capitalism, but of powerful western vested interests and as <i>protégés</i> of neo-colonialism. This is how the Arab world sees them, not without reason. Once again they arouse bitter emotions and hatreds in their neighbours, in all those who have ever been or still are victims of imperialism. What a fate it is for the Jewish people to be made to appear in this role! As agents of early capitalism they were still pioneers of progress in feudal society; as agents of the late, over-ripe, imperialist capitalism of our days, their role is altogether lamentable; and they are placed once again in the position of potential scapegoats. Is Jewish history to come full circle in such a way? This may well be the outcome of Israel’s ‘victories’; and of this Israel’s real friends must warn it.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Arabs, on the other hand, need to be put on guard against the socialism or the anti-imperialism of the fools. We trust that they will not succumb to it; and that they will learn from their defeat and recover to lay the foundations of a truly progressive, a socialist Middle East.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /><br /></span></span></p><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Isaac Deutscher, “The Israeli-Arab War, June 1967,” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Non-Jewish Jew and Other Essays</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Tamara Deutscher, ed.,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968). From an interview conducted with the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New Left Review </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">on the 23rd of June, 1967. First published </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New Left Review </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">44 (July–August, 1967). </span></span></p><div></div></blockquote><div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Lora,serif; font-size: 14.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-49535580062763402572023-11-20T21:33:00.000-08:002023-11-21T08:36:16.925-08:00 The Israeli Bombing of Al-Shifa Hospital in 1956 (and After)<span id="docs-internal-guid-ff10da73-7fff-1691-6616-f80229142963"><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghNa5vPRrDxt9MweuQBwDY5bMQbTGZlRgO8RbbH4VTf92q1aeoWB0OJS3EMLavHlSBbALLBcUhyj3XtHJrGYOj42AYz8GU8RKoTRWVAvPg7wz06WmW_O1FoVmZ6Z6loX3UB3rTFWUCrJz1BrWyECi_BMNuAHwKMD8rlCN4NsuCzuchZa0FWnvk1bgIwxs/s2472/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-21%20at%2012.31.53%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1926" data-original-width="2472" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghNa5vPRrDxt9MweuQBwDY5bMQbTGZlRgO8RbbH4VTf92q1aeoWB0OJS3EMLavHlSBbALLBcUhyj3XtHJrGYOj42AYz8GU8RKoTRWVAvPg7wz06WmW_O1FoVmZ6Z6loX3UB3rTFWUCrJz1BrWyECi_BMNuAHwKMD8rlCN4NsuCzuchZa0FWnvk1bgIwxs/w640-h499/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-21%20at%2012.31.53%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">1951 Survey of Israel map based on 1946 British Survey of Palestine Map. Via <a href="https://palopenmaps.org/en" target="_blank">Palestine Open Maps</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">In his 1979 study of the Gaza Strip, the Marxist political economist Hussein Abu al-Naml (1943 – 2020) wrote:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Individual crossing operations towards the occupied territory from the Gaza Strip have not ceased since the Nakba itself: “A few months after the Nakba, the individual infiltration of the occupied land began. A hungry rebel carrying a weapon enters his village to retrieve one of his cows or a sheep. Another kills an Israeli and seizes his weapons. And a third recovers his money buried under the dirt in the courtyard of his house. A group of rebels seizes a herd of cattle from the enemy and drives it to Arab lands to satisfy the hunger of refugees with fresh meat. Thus the myth of Israel became an illusion…”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Although the political horizon of these individual invasions was not clear, they were closely intertwined with the economic and social problems of the Gaza Strip. Especially since the political and economic situation was not difficult for ordinary people to understand. Their land was right there in sight. The refugees could simply look east and see the vast fields that were once Arab land.¹</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Abu-Naml quotes here the work of Subhi Yasin (1920 – 1968), the Palestinian militant and historian. Born in the village of Shifa‘amr in the Galilee, Yassin went to school in Haifa. As a teenager, he participated actively in the Arab revolt of 1936-39. After the nakba—during which he fought and was wounded—he lived in Damascus’ Yarmouk refugee camp where he poured himself into political work. He later moved to Egypt and participated in the activities of Palestinian nationalists in the Gaza Strip. Alongside his organizational efforts, Yasin also wrote a series of historical and theoretical texts on Palestinian liberation. His first book, an important history of the same 36-39 revolt he participated in, was published in Damascus in 1959. The book remains a touchstone for all subsequent historians of the revolt thanks to Yasin’s deft narration and first-hand view of the events. Yasin founded the Vanguard of Arab Sacrifice for the Liberation of Palestine (</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tala’i al-Fida’ ‘Arabi li Tahrir Filastin</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) and was always a militant before being a writer. He introduced his 1964 book, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A Theory of Action for the Recovery of Palestine </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">with a typically defiant admission: “I would have preferred this book to be printed while I was carrying my machine gun and fighting the enemies of the Arab nation in the streets of Tel Aviv.”² </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The last book Yasin wrote was a study of guerrilla war in Palestine, covering some of the same material as his other works. His is an especially useful account of the “infiltrations” of the fidayeen, those Palestinian and other Arab commandos who entered Israeli controlled territory in the years after 1948, especially in the period between 1952 and 1956. Palestinian political and militant activity during this period, before the emergence of the PLO, is relatively understudied. Journalistic accounts that see the actions of the fidayeen as just one prelude to the 1956 war and a small number of somewhat critical Israeli histories (critical of Israeli means but not critical of Israeli ends) are most of what we have on the period.</span></span><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">³ </span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yassin’s account then, thoroughly and unabashedly nationalist and anti-colonial, is an essential counter. In the passage I’ve excerpted below, he recounts the largest guerrilla operation ever launched from Gaza until that point. The action was precipitated by the Israeli bombing of Gaza's largest hospital.</span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">This all took place less than two weeks before Israel’s eighth anniversary of independence. Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion's stance on ethnic cleansing had been clear since the state's very beginnings (before, too). "Every additional Arab in the country increases the danger," Ben-Gurion put it in October 1949, "it is impossible to expel them by moralizing...rather they must be expelled at the point of a gun."</span></span><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁴ </span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">And indeed, thousands of Palestinians were killed seeking to return to their land in the years after 1948. In his Independence Day address to his nation on April 15th, 1956 (5 Iyar in the Hebrew calendar)—after a ceasefire was brokered under the eye of UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld—Ben-Gurion immediately turned to the “guerrilla war which Egypt, Jordan and Syria have been treacherously waging against us.” “We shall not fear,” he continued, “the murderous gangs dispatched by the Egyptian dictator, nor will the hosts of Amalek, from the South, the East and the North, who are now concentrating on the other side of our borders, be able to subdue us.” The IDF, he concluded, “will give back the aggressors two blows for one, as they have done before.”</span><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁵</span></p><span><div style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpSBiBZQV9PBgfUeqqlTA_TSHv7cUhYbAkWpP9teTiwmU5n1gcGTLZChNRgcuN_jG1MjYLT2yr-9ut5QbB8G4pL_zrDVUEO__JfB2Bq5IE1ajRSaTG2wtvEwgtiAAwOj_GHVFfa8vwnwvEW6GLyVJS7Wg_KvGPtA866GhrSkzC-Zx_Wc0btJ3HQgw1tV0/s1892/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-21%20at%2012.09.52%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1892" data-original-width="1586" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpSBiBZQV9PBgfUeqqlTA_TSHv7cUhYbAkWpP9teTiwmU5n1gcGTLZChNRgcuN_jG1MjYLT2yr-9ut5QbB8G4pL_zrDVUEO__JfB2Bq5IE1ajRSaTG2wtvEwgtiAAwOj_GHVFfa8vwnwvEW6GLyVJS7Wg_KvGPtA866GhrSkzC-Zx_Wc0btJ3HQgw1tV0/w536-h640/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-21%20at%2012.09.52%20AM.png" width="536" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">A portrait of "al-mujahid" Subhi Muhammad Yasin. Included in the Egyptian edition of his <i>Al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubra</i> (Cairo: Dar al-Huna li al-Taba'a, 1959).<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div></span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">****</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Subhi Yasin wrote:</span><br /></span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The Israeli gang decided to attack Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza, hoping to gain a cheap victory by killing patients. At two in the afternoon on April 5, 1956, the Israelis began bombing the Gaza hospital with heavy artillery for five continuous hours. More than a hundred patients were killed.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The leaders of the aggression imagined that mass killing of the sick would terrorize the Arabs of Palestine into oblivion. But the opposite of what they expected happened. Their plan failed and their plot was turned inside out.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">In the evening, Commander Mustafa Hafez gathered his men and put together a plan for a comprehensive attack on the enemy’s hideouts. The violent retaliatory attack began before midnight on April 5, from open and secret bases simultaneously. Thereafter, Israel witnessed its darkest nights.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">On the night of April 6th, the largest guerrilla group entered Israel, numbering 300 commando members. They pierced dozens of miles into the usurped land. Each detachment carried out its role with the best possible courage and organization, hitting targets and taking revenge on those who knew no other language.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuZYO_tyvUusmbt4xMSOkXH1XQ9ZzTpDFnkJEcuxRK92oaNd56FLcqVLEbapIhEtFt0nS83PXNfaLvsMpEQK2Z00b7YTug_rczC5qsUN-sJ_Vam-eRBLLa49JgFZyErvCfjbC9uKbwt1f-OgiZw46IaGcD2cJgGCmYd69OUg8IpU0SHWd7Sq4_6isByCs/s2114/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-20%20at%2012.07.00%20PM%20copy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1732" data-original-width="2114" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuZYO_tyvUusmbt4xMSOkXH1XQ9ZzTpDFnkJEcuxRK92oaNd56FLcqVLEbapIhEtFt0nS83PXNfaLvsMpEQK2Z00b7YTug_rczC5qsUN-sJ_Vam-eRBLLa49JgFZyErvCfjbC9uKbwt1f-OgiZw46IaGcD2cJgGCmYd69OUg8IpU0SHWd7Sq4_6isByCs/w640-h524/Screen%20Shot%202023-11-20%20at%2012.07.00%20PM%20copy.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">Headlines from <i>Maariv </i>(Tel Aviv) and <i>Al-Ahram </i>(Cairo), April 6, 1956.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></div><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The attack continued for five days, during which hundreds of Israelis were killed and wounded, in addition to material losses.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">1 - The number of raids on the night of April 7, according to Israeli Radio, was nine. These included a commando detachment that attacked an enemy military convoy on the Bi'r al-Saba' - Falujah road, in which a number of its soldiers were killed. At the same time, a second detachment attacked a military convoy on the Falujah-Iraq-Suwaidan road, killing a number of its soldiers, and damaging a military vehicle. A third detachment placed mines on the Falujah - Shufan settlement road, blowing up a military vehicle and killing its passengers. Other detachments were able to blow up a railway bridge on al-Saba’ road and a large water distribution station for enemy camps, blowing up huge water pipes in several places, and blowing up al-Majdal [Ashkelon, today] water tank. Another detachment attacked a military convoy south of al-Majdal, and a number of the convoy's passengers were killed. A detachment entered the same occupied town of al-Majdal, attacked the enemy barracks with grenades and machine guns from close range, and killed large numbers of the enemy. Another detachment attacked an Israeli military patrol near a village al-Jura.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">2 - The number of raids on the night of April 8th was 16. These included: blowing up an enemy military vehicle south of the village of Bayt Jibrin and killing its passengers; an attack on a military convoy on the Falujah - Bi'r al-Saba' road, and a third attack on a military patrol on the Bi'r al-Saba' road; an attack on military patrols inside the town of al-Majdal, killing a number of enemy soldiers; an attack on the Uza settlement near Bi'r al-Saba'; blowing up a railway bridge between Bi'r al-Saba' and Fallujah. A daring attack on the enemy inside the Shapira colony. An attack on a labor camp near the Givat Rachel settlement.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">3 - The number of raids on the night of April 9th was 14. An attack on the Tekish settlement (Abu Ghalioun) left a number of Israelis dead; an attack on a military patrol near the Oren settlement and a number were killed From its members. An attack on a third patrol south of Bi'r al-Saba', killing a number of enemy soldiers. The commandos sabotaged bridges, telephone lines, tanks and water pipes, and railway lines on a large scale.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">When the free fidayeen were able to impose their presence inside the lost homeland, control the enemy’s lines of transportation, and record the most amazing victories over the enemy forces with few weapons and small numbers, their morale rose, and they began attacking the enemy’s convoys and colonies at four in the afternoon because the enemy, with his armies, equipment, and capabilities inside his lands, began to evade confronting the fidayeen.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">For a period of time, the actions of the fidayeen made the enemy think their demise was imminent.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The 9th and the 10th of April 1956 were among the immortal and glorious days in the history of the Arabs of Palestine after the nakba, as units of the heroic guerrillas attacked an Israel military convoy south of the Rehovot colony, south of Tel Aviv, at Rabaa al-Nahar, and killed a large number of its members among the citrus trees. A second detachment blew up the wireless communication station that linked Israel with the world. A third detachment attacked the Zikim colony during the day and killed a number of residents. On the morning of April 10, 1956, units of the fedayeen attacked Israeli military convoys on the roads of Fallujah - Bi'r al-Saba' - Al-Majdal. They threw grenades at enemy vehicles from close range. Other detachments attacked an Israeli patrol near Dayr Sunayd. Other detachments also attacked a colony, killing six of its members, and performed acts of sabotage.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">After five full days of continuous struggle and immortal Arab heroism inside their lost homeland, the nakba generation that would liberate Palestine returned to the Gaza Strip after losing eleven martyrs and three prisoners.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The heroes of redemption returned after teaching the enemy bitter lessons. The heroes of the struggle returned after they left every city, colony, and house of the enemy in mourning.</span></span><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁶</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">****</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKsvsBqo1c4MlBCD6RmgRkborAgq9GUMfqzhFOo4dARpdpgMpG09WOvSumbKYTnjEj63TOnKZJuk_S8ooxVzNFEG0_iNmMAZA890va9Acv6R0xRxYqpv8BDYS8sstq4OUbqqmKxEIs5AJwwPhnIieTAHKYBNZt2eD5s6mihERVQBraBmgZPtWxG5EJrA/s3827/20231110151141_001%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3827" data-original-width="2762" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKsvsBqo1c4MlBCD6RmgRkborAgq9GUMfqzhFOo4dARpdpgMpG09WOvSumbKYTnjEj63TOnKZJuk_S8ooxVzNFEG0_iNmMAZA890va9Acv6R0xRxYqpv8BDYS8sstq4OUbqqmKxEIs5AJwwPhnIieTAHKYBNZt2eD5s6mihERVQBraBmgZPtWxG5EJrA/w462-h640/20231110151141_001%20(1).jpg" width="462" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">The cover of the Beirut edition of Rashid Hussein's collection <i>Sawarikh</i> (Beirut: Dar al-Awda, 1982).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;"></span></div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In his 1958 collection </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sawarikh</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (Missiles), the Palestinian writer Rashid Hussein (1936 – 1977) wrote a poem entitled “The Closed Door” addressed to “the Jewish friend who asked me: why don’t you describe the Negev, the kibbutz, and the moshav in your poetry?”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">You’re asking me to describe the charms of the “Kibbutz” and the “Moshav” and the “Negev”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Brother, do you want me to forget that you shut the door on me </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Do you think me a clown, a liar, or a fool?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">You closed the door on me.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Hussein goes on:</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">How can I describe what lies behind the door?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">When it is you who decides when I can enter</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Or do you think that one of these days I jumped over your high walls?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">You closed the door on me.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">…</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Unlock the door and take off the jailers uniform</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">open it! </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">When you open it you will know who I am</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">An artist who loves beauty and sanctifies humanity</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">But how do I praise the wine locked behind the bar</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">When the lock is high above the door?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Does someone who cannot enter the garden praise its flowers?</span></span><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁷</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></p><hr style="text-align: left;" /><p style="text-align: left;"></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-71b2c795-7fff-248c-41c3-6e8fa19d7837"><span style="font-family: Bitter;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">¹. Hussien Abu al-Naml,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Qita’ Ghazzah, 1948 – 1967: Tatwwurat Iqtisadīyah wa Siyasiyah wa Ijtima‘iyah wa ‘Askariyah</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (Beirut: Markaz al-Abhath, Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyah, 1979), 111-112.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">². Subhi Muhammad Yasin, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nazariyat al-‘amal li istirdad Filastin</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (Cairo: Dar al-Ma ‘rifah, 1964), 7.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">³. Kennett Love, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Suez: The Twice-Fought War </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(New York: McGraw Hill, 1969). Benny Morris, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) and Ze'ev Drory, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Israel's Reprisal Policy, 1953-1956: The Dynamics of Military Retaliation</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (New York: Routledge, 2005). Both studies conclude that it was Israeli violence that spurred Palestinian violence. For a short account more attuned to Palestinian sources, see Yezid Sayigh, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (New York : Oxford University Press, 1997), 58-70. The Arab and Israeli press covered the events widely and deserve thorough review, as do the relevant United Nations documents.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁴. Drory, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Israel's Reprisal Policy, 1953-1956, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">78. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁵.“Eight Independence Day Celebrated in Israel, P.M. Stresses Determination on Road Ahead,” </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Israel Digest</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 7:15 (April 20, 1956), 1.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁶. Subhi Muhammad Yassin,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Harb al-‘asabat fi Filistin</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (Cairo: Dar al-Katib al-Arabi li al-Taba'a wa al-Nashir, 1967), 186 - 190.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">⁷. Rashid Hussein, “al-Bab al-mughlak,” </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sawarikh</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (Beirut: Dar al-Awda, 1982), 56-57. First published in 1958 by Nazareth's Al-Hakim Press.</span></span></span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Roboto Slab"; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p></span><span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><br /></p></span></blockquote>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-73582688932806400432023-06-20T11:59:00.008-07:002024-03-12T11:43:43.998-07:00Notes on the History of Palestinian Toronto <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9bec4fbc-7fff-6bed-10e1-ae1d1ae5b27b"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzZv1vFVVKrClhqwpaLhRCHTphEObMsbU1eInZDrWwwZ7qanelpOGsEZl-f4QnKMp8BqIGz-WKFt-x0lkmLdQTYBgzvfs-Y75WiYvRSNrEtUu8RW5WokUIu_9jwyDJBnC-w0BaYV7iQLGE8ln0UkIgoVhuzSLpPXW8C7WV2NKhNbHjHC6_uF-04voUOY/s4032/IMG_2365.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzZv1vFVVKrClhqwpaLhRCHTphEObMsbU1eInZDrWwwZ7qanelpOGsEZl-f4QnKMp8BqIGz-WKFt-x0lkmLdQTYBgzvfs-Y75WiYvRSNrEtUu8RW5WokUIu_9jwyDJBnC-w0BaYV7iQLGE8ln0UkIgoVhuzSLpPXW8C7WV2NKhNbHjHC6_uF-04voUOY/w640-h480/IMG_2365.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;">Copies of the Canadian Arab Federation's trilingual newsletter, <i>The Arab Dawn</i>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">A pamphlet of the Jewish Student’s Union of the B’nai B’rith Hillel Foundation at Toronto University conveys an even greater sense of urgency: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">If you see posters, publications or activists from these anti-Israel and anti-Jewish organizations on campus, report it immediately to the Jewish Student’s Union… [address, directions, telephone]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Included are associations of Muslim Students, non-Zionist Jews, Arab-Canadians, Marxists, Trotskyists, Palestinians, even Moonies and Hare Krishnas. Also targeted for surveillance is Toronto University’s Middle East Group, which represents faculty members with interest in the Middle East. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Naseer Aruri, “The Middle East on the U.S. Campus,” </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Link </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18:2 (May–June 1985), 5. <a href="https://ameu.org/getattachment/85008b0d-7a85-4c9a-bfd3-c07935a5ac9f/The-Middle-East-on-the-US-Campus.aspx" target="_blank">PDF</a>.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8YdtxxxoxCopTRnQVVoxq-iSuhMVJw7K506A7XFwJg4CPPgj-eiZDmsgwRO3uWiO9kFrZ_BCnLbPPk4_XfoFgTU6xdcj4WYV0wiZxL4vltosGCUwk-IUpAhl-3vTTDn8u0MsZYzxPypgh4bm9zaL6xQXWQGfoN40wmifl4eU6nOzByzhPR_JSCkBSR0E/s1544/Screen%20Shot%202023-06-20%20at%202.28.56%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1308" data-original-width="1544" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8YdtxxxoxCopTRnQVVoxq-iSuhMVJw7K506A7XFwJg4CPPgj-eiZDmsgwRO3uWiO9kFrZ_BCnLbPPk4_XfoFgTU6xdcj4WYV0wiZxL4vltosGCUwk-IUpAhl-3vTTDn8u0MsZYzxPypgh4bm9zaL6xQXWQGfoN40wmifl4eU6nOzByzhPR_JSCkBSR0E/w640-h542/Screen%20Shot%202023-06-20%20at%202.28.56%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;">Fred V. Winnett in a 1958 issue of the Canadian magazine <i>Maclean's</i>. Winnett was then Chair of the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Toronto.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br style="text-align: left;" /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The appointment of Staples brought a distinct enrichment to the Orientals staff in the University of Toronto for he was the first of its members to have been involved in archaeological work in Palestine. His training in pedagogy made him an excellent language teacher. He had a delightful sense of humour and he had a kind of puckish pleasure in shocking students whom he suspected of undue mental rigidity. He never minced his words, but he was a most congenial companion and he did much to promote a spirit of good fellowship among all the Orientalists on the University campus.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fred V. Winnett and W. Stewart McCullough, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Brief History of The Department of Near Eastern Studies (formerly Oriental Languages) in the University of Toronto to 1976-1977 </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1977). <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Svc8dkC3SfJ_UhilsuPSw8zbzy-8crMO/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">PDF</a>. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">I have returned from the Middle East with the overwhelming conviction that there can be neither peace nor stability in that area until Western support of Israel is withdrawn. There is no other action which will allay the fears of the Arabs, remove the anti-Western sentiment which prevails, and halt the spread of Russian influence… The Zionists depict Israel to Canadian and American audiences as a frontier settlement exposed to the nightly attacks of marauding bands of “Indians" [sic]. But the impression that the visitor to Jordan receives everywhere is that it is the Arabs who live in nightly fear of attack. It is they who are on the defensive.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fred V. Winnett, “Why the West Should Stop Supporting Israel,” </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maclean’s</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (January 18, 1958). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1mJ9pzU3eaN9ulfvCybhZ3VFPP0oz484A_sAhfKOIYocYfgzgBONpyttVuHCHCgLWYPWCJipSJTqHWWmz9Kic88dQMLe3azi8HaJPU4zDc5GAG2K38nIq0rjUOrK0AldKj6nnBOi-9oeu_kEybyfm_pPGbpcMP7qU1wimd_16Qhcr-cl0UTF9T60_sBw/s4032/IMG_2362.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1mJ9pzU3eaN9ulfvCybhZ3VFPP0oz484A_sAhfKOIYocYfgzgBONpyttVuHCHCgLWYPWCJipSJTqHWWmz9Kic88dQMLe3azi8HaJPU4zDc5GAG2K38nIq0rjUOrK0AldKj6nnBOi-9oeu_kEybyfm_pPGbpcMP7qU1wimd_16Qhcr-cl0UTF9T60_sBw/w640-h480/IMG_2362.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A copy of the Canadian-Arab Friendship Society's <i>Middle East Digest and Newsletter</i>, established in 1962.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">At its last meeting, the Canadian Friends of the Middle East, Toronto Chapter, by unanimous vote became the Canadian-Arab Friendship Society, and will [be] known by this new name in the future. The change was inspired by a number of reasons. One was a desire for complete responsibility for its own acts Another is that some people confused the old name with the Quakers, an association which is cause for pride on our part, but perhaps unfair to the Quakers. Another reason is that the new name is a more honest one than the old, because our interests are primarily in the Arab countries of the Middle East and of North Africa. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The Canadian Arab Friendship Society is a Toronto group of Canadian from various walks of life whose sense of friendship for the Arab peoples has inspired them to join together for the study of Arab affairs and for the encouragement of good relations and political plain and just dealing between the Canadian people and the Arab nations. If the reader finds these aims consonant with his [sic] own, he [sic] is invited to apply to 20 Veery Place, Don Mills, Ontario. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Middle East Digest and Newsletter </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">no. 2 (March 1962), 1. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Some twenty members of the Arab communities of London, Ontario and Toronto demonstrated in front of the Holiday Inn in London during the 27th regional convention of the Zionist Organization of Canada held there, Saturday, April 23. The pickets carried cards calling for peace in the Middle East and justice for the Arab refugees. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">A steady downpour of rain prevented the demonstrators from remaining more than half an hour. The demonstration was orderly, and there was no visible reaction from Zionists at the convention. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Middle East Digest and Newsletter </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">no. 11 (May 1966), 4.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">We believe out annual banquet is now the outstanding Canadian Arab event to be held in Toronto. Despite a howling January blizzard, 142 members and friends came out to hear our guest of honour and speaker, His Excellency, George Tomeh, Ambassador of Syria to the United Nations.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Dr. Tomeh’s clarification of the facts in the question of alleged Syrian incursions into the demilitarized zone between occupied Palestine and Syria. He showed how the Isralis had occupied and were cultivating over 55% of the territory of the zone which, by the terms of the armistice, was to remain free of human use… </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The Ambassador received a standing ovation at the conclusion of his speech. Shouts of “long live Palestine” rang through the roof garden of the Royal York. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Middle East Digest and Newsletter </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">no. 12 (April 1967), 1. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_VZb9deowEUmV5NzAWkVCVYKYCEi8Wl57-ZsXz9dE21wG5sDIFU72IBp347UPD2kp4y3VBSQVXihMuf9afcUlsMUPb75OwIpXhT0FapNLNYLcd5XU7KBmLE7eo09CYUgZrXBHdBGdde43uDdQCVug8SiN9ZimLes09916LX4tod474cQegYTdJhtaG-U/s3584/Screen%20Shot%202023-06-20%20at%2012.01.39%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2240" data-original-width="3584" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_VZb9deowEUmV5NzAWkVCVYKYCEi8Wl57-ZsXz9dE21wG5sDIFU72IBp347UPD2kp4y3VBSQVXihMuf9afcUlsMUPb75OwIpXhT0FapNLNYLcd5XU7KBmLE7eo09CYUgZrXBHdBGdde43uDdQCVug8SiN9ZimLes09916LX4tod474cQegYTdJhtaG-U/w640-h400/Screen%20Shot%202023-06-20%20at%2012.01.39%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;">Salman Abu Sitta at the microphone during the first conference of the Canadian Arab Federation. Ibrahim Salti to his left and George Tomeh to his right. Via this presentation given by Abu Sitta on the Federation's 50th anniversary. <a href="https://youtu.be/YG57S5Vww7E" target="_blank">Youtube</a>. </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span id="docs-internal-guid-41bb32d9-7fff-f75d-6062-74ce0b8503e9"><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I made contact with other Arabs in Canada who became lifelong friends. In Toronto, I met Jim Peters (Jamil Butrus) and Habib Salloum, whose grandfathers had immigrated to Canada at the beginning of the twentieth century or before. They had taught themselves Arabic. In fact, Jim was a teacher of Arabic, Turkish, and Farsi. I also met Ibrahim and Nuha Salti, recent arrivals from the American University of Beirut, both physicians doing advanced research in Toronto.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arab communities at the time numbered around eighty thousand people in Canada, the majority being Lebanese. This community was dispersed all over the large country and its six time zones. They had dozens of clubs, societies, mosques, and churches. It was imperative to create a unifying structure to speak on our behalf. It was not easy, but the pull of the catastrophic results of the 1967 war was ultimately unifying. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In November of that year, we met again in my house and decided to form the Canadian Arab Federation (CAF). Dr. Salti was elected as the first president, and I was vice-president of information. Peters and Salloum took other positions. We started to contact all these Arab groups and we found a positive response, occasionally hampered by local differences of opinion. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I edited our new publication, <i>The Arab Dawn</i>, in English and Arabic and we held annual conventions in Toronto and Montreal. These actions, of course, attracted the attention of the Zionist groups, and consequently the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), whom the Zionists pointed in our direction.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A member of the RCMP visited me at the university. I treated him as a student and I gave him a one-hour lesson in the history of Palestine. He did not visit again. I started to feel that my telephone was bugged. There were strange characters, certainly not the police, loitering around my house. The RCMP kept digging. In one of our annual conferences, the Jewish press announced that this was a conference aiming to destroy Israel and kill the Jews. I arrived early at the hotel reception desk to start preparations, my briefcase next to me on the floor. I looked around and the briefcase was gone. It had the list of addresses of all Arab societies in Canada. Nobody seemed to be bothered, except me. Half an hour later, the briefcase was “found.” </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Those of us on the executive committee sat in one room to go over the program. We asked for several rounds of coffee. The room service attendant looked tall and athletic, but was clumsy in handling the coffee. His disguise was pathetic. More dangerously, we invited a speaker from the resistance movement party, Fatah. Hani al-Hassan was a long-time student leader in Germany, and he had just come back from an operation in the West Bank with a twisted ankle. We moved him from room to room every night. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salman Abu Sitta, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mapping My Return: A Palestinian Memoir </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2016), 220-222. </span></span></p><div style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The second wave of Arab immigration to Canada after World War II assembled enough individuals from the Arab world to make possible the formation of a Canadian Arab federation comprising member societies and private citizens as members-at-large. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Before the Federation was founded in November of 1967, there existed a number of societies in the larger centres of Canada. A number of these organizations responded to the invitation of the Arab Society of London to convene in that city in November, 1967, with a view to forming a federation. The Canadian Arab Federation was founded at that historic meeting and the Arab presence in Canada became a force to reckon with for the first time in the history of this country….</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">We Canadians of Arab origins have been so anguished and dismayed by the immorality of Canada’s approval of a commerce with Israel that a vehicle had to be found by which Canadians could be aroused to realization of their wrongs against the Arabs. Canadians have been so much deceived by Zionist propaganda that they see Israel as a great triumph of western values in the Arab World rather than as a heinous imposition upon innocent people. That much-needed vehicle is provided by the Canadian Arab Federation… </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">I regret that space forbids the detailing of the many aims of the Federation. I list here only some of the main ones: solidarity among Arab Canadians; fighting for just Western politics towards the Arabs; the provision of effective pressure on Canadian politicians; the advancement of Arab culture in Canada, and Arab unity abroad; the informing of Canadians of Arab and non-Arab origin regarding matters of concern; the raising of funds for worthy Arab causes in Canada and abroad. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The first annual convention of the Federation was held in Toronto in May of 1968. The impressive success of this convention on all countries augurs well for development and expansion of the Federation in the future. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Arab Dawn </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:1 (October 1968), 1-3. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">On Sunday October 20, the Arabs of Toronto led by the Palestine Arab Club of Toronto, Held a demonstration at the Inn on the Park where Abba Eban, the foreign minister of the Zionist state, spoke to a Jewish organized meeting. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">About sixty Arabs showed up for this demonstration carrying signs which read: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">VICTORY TO THE LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF PALESTINE </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">ABBA EBAN ZIONIST, MURDERER, TO THE GALLOWS</span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">EL-FATEH TO VICTORY </span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The demonstration carried the Palestine flag and marched in an orderly fashion in front of the entrance of the hotel. Abba Eban was spirited in a back entrance. This Zionist meeting was addressed by Mr. Sharp, Canada’s foreign minister. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Arab Dawn </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:2 (December 1968), 10. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Mr. James Peters, Vice-president of the Ontario section of the Canadian Arab Federation, spoke to the Young Socialist League in Toronto on Saturday, January 11, 1969. He gave an excellent talk on the Arab position via the Palestine problem. Many of the audience supported the Arab cause, especially the Armed Struggle of the Courageous Palestinian People… </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">On February 8, 1969, the Arab Palestine Association of Toronto organized a parade, protesting Zionist atrocities in occupied Palestine. The protest march started at City Hall and ended at Queens’ Park where Mr. H. Shahristani and Mr. J. Peters addressed the marchers…</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Wednesday, March 19, Professor Marmoora, of the University of Toronto, defended the Arab-Palestine position in a debate before the Zionist students of the University of Toronto… </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The Arab Palestine Association of Toronto held an evening in honour of the battle of Al-Kerama when 150 Al-Fatah Fighters held off a force of 10,000 Israelis armed with all the modern weapons of war. The evening was very successful with many Toronto Arabs attending. Many patriotic poems were recited in honour of the Freedom Fighters of Palestine. Amer Kadaj was brilliant in his patriotic music honouring these fighters of liberty… </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Arab Dawn </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:4 (May 1969), 11-12. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0WdG9j5uuooM5rbyqz6M-QEoOhhXMwoKENZyzMb2iUjXhG3-TRkqYYeg1ygbVYCzgJa7-edHXvOcy_PbLSqu6OEkjkO6i_dxJrK0N8vC3WliPReXr-2e93XmU7nK0oFYOURN0RZZJWjCHTnAKk2EZWYC__odZJP9V1sbjkiYm6awfRRj-TPxQbl83U0w/s960/arson%20at%20arba%20centre.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0WdG9j5uuooM5rbyqz6M-QEoOhhXMwoKENZyzMb2iUjXhG3-TRkqYYeg1ygbVYCzgJa7-edHXvOcy_PbLSqu6OEkjkO6i_dxJrK0N8vC3WliPReXr-2e93XmU7nK0oFYOURN0RZZJWjCHTnAKk2EZWYC__odZJP9V1sbjkiYm6awfRRj-TPxQbl83U0w/w640-h360/arson%20at%20arba%20centre.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;">Images of the arson at the Arab Community Centre of Toronto from <i>T</i></span><i style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;">he Arab Dawn</i><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> 6:2-3 (February 1975)</span><i style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;">. <br /></i></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">ARSON AT ARAB CENTRE</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">At approximately 3:00 a.m. on Thursday, December 12, 1974 arson was committed against the offices of The Arab Community Centre of Toronto (an immigrant information and community service organization)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">This malicious action, though no doubt politically motivated and related to the fact that The Centre is an Arab entity, could not have been more misguided. The Centre is incorporated as a Canadian charitable organization and is being funded by the Department of the Secretary of State, Canada Manpower and Immigration, the United Community Fund, and the Council of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. The Centre is dedicated to aid newcomers and other community members in ways totally related to the Canadian context, and it serves interested persons regardless of class, national origin or creed. Throughout its two-year history, it has helped thousands of persons in need of assistance or information, and has developed important cultural and educational projects.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">As such, The Centre is a unique organization in North America and deserves to be considered a model for similar future developments elsewhere. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">From the nature of the damage, it is clear that the action is vindictive and ill-motivated, and is aimed at discouraging even peaceful and local community organization among the Canadian Arabs. The Centre's files were stolen, and several hundred books of a cultural nature in English, French and Arabic, audiovisual material and the office equipment were destroyed. Damage was extensive, and the loss of over $10,000 will only be partially covered by insurance.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">ARAB DAWN urges Canadian Arabs to stand prepared in order to defeat the objectives behind this act of violence that is intended to discourage the community. We hope that Canadian Arabs and their neighbours may continue to live in security and peace of mind.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The Centre has been able to restore its information and social services back in order, but much has been lost in materials that has not yet been replaced. ARAB DAWN appeals to the community at large to help The Centre so that it can continue to offer help and to achieve its aim to provide complete facilities to the community. Membership is open at $5.00 per person, $10.00 for family, and contributors will receive a receipt for income tax purposes. Make cheques payable to The Arab Community Centre of Toronto, P.O.Box 204 Station "D" Toronto, Ontario M6P 3J8 (located at 175 St. Clair Av. West, Toronto), and the telephone number is (416) 922-6776.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Arab Dawn </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6:2-3 (February 1975), 2. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVxgTSjliC44alVZwjV8kma0zhP6-wofeFXC2lTS0W0urbyissixDFy4MzFZQ379ZrPWPg9Th3kR33SVfJA5Zxybf5WmOhrvwEjVSPqO307s2WWsflhMNpF5ISv07rJYl8fLJGTMZ7I7CKi3BinRWsh-lDJN13MwQY9YW91jdRwUFA-8UW2NQJiSVhTho/s2114/Screen%20Shot%202023-06-20%20at%2011.38.45%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1036" data-original-width="2114" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVxgTSjliC44alVZwjV8kma0zhP6-wofeFXC2lTS0W0urbyissixDFy4MzFZQ379ZrPWPg9Th3kR33SVfJA5Zxybf5WmOhrvwEjVSPqO307s2WWsflhMNpF5ISv07rJYl8fLJGTMZ7I7CKi3BinRWsh-lDJN13MwQY9YW91jdRwUFA-8UW2NQJiSVhTho/w640-h314/Screen%20Shot%202023-06-20%20at%2011.38.45%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Announcement for a film screening sponsored by the Arab Palestine Association in the University of Toronto's student newspaper <i>The Varsity </i>(November 16, 1979), 2. </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Two Arabs were arrested during a demonstration held outside the Sheraton Centre hotel last Thursday night preceding the dinner held by Prime Minister Trudeau in honour of visiting Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The demonstrators, representing various groups, such as the Canadian Arab Federation, Arab Palestine Association, and the Alliance for Non-Zionist Jews, were there to protest the visit to Toronto of the "racist, fascist, terrorist" Prime Minister of Israel. They shouted slogans such as "Begin Butcher" and "Terrorist Begin Out of Canada"</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The group of 400 demonstrators was represented by a spokesman, Khaled Mouammar. Mouammar condemned the Camp David agreements as "a step towards war", as they encouraged Israeli "wars of aggression". He called on the Canadian government to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization, and for the Ontario Government to try Begin publicly as a "war criminal".</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Across the street from the hotel was another group of demonstrators, this one in support of Begin, from the B'nei Akiva Jewish religious school in Toronto. Spokesmen Eddie Cohen and David Berk said that the group had arrived at 5:00 in order to welcome the Prime Minister to Toronto. They referred to Begin as a hero and said regarding Israel "the land is ours."</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Begin paid little attention to either group. Upon his arrival, he was whisked into the hotel by very strict RCMP and Israeli Secret Service Security.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Varsity </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(November 13, 1978), 8. </span></span></p></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><p></p>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-75548700961637966372023-03-14T13:01:00.006-07:002023-03-14T16:49:25.565-07:00Race and Class at Sea <span id="docs-internal-guid-4d097605-7fff-d09d-96bd-61e98913740a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihopRkADH_AQ4sUh1h7rlZ7Sz15ozqtwkqHwKYIAFdj_bWvcj0R2Qh_YdONb6S7kX97E4OP32dnFiVXA-0yrkjPzkkRmge0_SJIvlsWY6BWsJLK8rE9Pasht_X-3B0VKLDygnxIIutDTT8U-lNSlDe2VWh3TiE0KrEN9ei-rULlc9TKHblBpEf6AA/s2914/Screen%20Shot%202023-03-14%20at%203.55.56%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2204" data-original-width="2914" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihopRkADH_AQ4sUh1h7rlZ7Sz15ozqtwkqHwKYIAFdj_bWvcj0R2Qh_YdONb6S7kX97E4OP32dnFiVXA-0yrkjPzkkRmge0_SJIvlsWY6BWsJLK8rE9Pasht_X-3B0VKLDygnxIIutDTT8U-lNSlDe2VWh3TiE0KrEN9ei-rULlc9TKHblBpEf6AA/w640-h484/Screen%20Shot%202023-03-14%20at%203.55.56%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">"A flotilla of steamships sailing under the flags of several nations" (1901). Via the <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2008661173/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were no days off. If you took a day off you were logged for four. One trip in Havana only two of my 18 galley helpers showed up for the evening meal and three of us had to prepare dinner for the passengers. There was only one problem we didn’t have—insufficient stores. Five large freezers were jammed to the bursting point with fresh meats and vegetables and the steward, fully aware that the crew would steal whatever was not delivered to the table, allowed us to feed well. But nine hours a day in a crowded, steaming galley, seven days a week, month in, month out, is work indeed. I never fried an egg or flipped a pancake without wondering “What in hell am </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">doing </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here?</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” One can’t work this way in a militant atmosphere without wondering about the meaning of work, exploitation, and the future—especially when one is 52! </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were two other conditions on the </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polk</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that aroused my political and social consciousness—the route we traveled and the character of the passengers. The </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polk </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">was on a round-the-world schedule, putting into 20 or more ports in more than a dozen countries, territories, and possessions. Usually the tourists, ashore only for the day, headed for the fanciest hotel or shopping district. At our first stop, Havana, they set course straight for the </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nacional </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">or Sloppy Joe’s, and spent most of the day in an air-conditioned bar, with, maybe, a daring sortie or two to buy a piece of lace, straw hat, or a bauble. The following day at sea they could be heard “analyzing” the problems of Cuba—the workers were lazy and filthy, the weather was too hot, prices too high, and Cuba was lucky America had taken such an interest in it—otherwise it would be worse off! They learned </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">nothing </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of this island’s dictatorship which had been completely taken over by American sugar interests; its once rich, multicrop land converted into a one-crop estate which could employ the workers only a few months of the year. An Englishman could have formed equally valid views of America from a day in the Waldorf-Astoria bar!</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">… Few of the </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polk </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">passengers gave any thought to the problems of war or peace. That Korea had been enslaved by the Japanese since 1905, that Japanese armies had already occupied large parts of China, that its military machine had moved into the islands of the South Pacific, almost none knew or cared—they were interested only in the “quaint charm” of Japan, a ricksha tour of the parks and gardens, a visit to the Ginza for bargains, and finally, for no trip would have been complete without it, a visit to Tokyo’s </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yoshiwara </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">or Yokohama’s </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Homoku </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sections, where numbered 15-year-old prostitutes were exhibited in store windows and could be “ordered” by number for four yen the whole night! This was “doing” Japan. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">By contrast it is well to point out that by 1939 the seamen and West Coast longshoremen had already declared their own strict embargo against the shipment of scrap iron and oil to Japan, while the rest of the world was blithely trading with the aggressor. The bombs that rained over Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, were, in a very real way, our own steel chickens coming home to roost. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Bitter; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— Hugh Mulzac, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Star to Steer by: As Told to Louis Burnham and Norval Welch </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(New York: International Publishers, 1963), 121-123. </span></b></span></p></span></blockquote><span><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The boat wound through the Red Sea showing us the coast of Arabia one side and East Africa on the other. Then I remembered the visit of the Queen of Sheba to the court of the Hebrew king Soloman and also of the commercial and cultural relations of India with Mespotmaia and Egypt through the ages. A young Marathi student was proceeding to Enlgland hoping to compete for the I.C.S. and he began to squeeze something every day from me about Indian history and culture. On September 4, while we were studying together, some Indian Khalasis came with pathetic faces to tell us that a middle-aged Muslim stoker had suddenly died of heat-stroke, and far away from his relatives and friends he was given a sea-burial before our eyes. While such brave but poor Indians were dying by thousands unknown and unwept by their countrymen while serving as galley-slaves, some of the Indian students proceeding to England with us were behaving like real spoiled brats. Their parents must have provided them with fat bank balances and they appeared to be bent on specialising in the art of dressing and spending lavishly. Some of them showed an atrocious temper born of pride, for I was shocked to find two well-dressed Indian students suddenly begin fighting with each other after a short altercation on deck. It was a perfect scandal, making the Indian youths the laughing stock of other passengers. We rushed, however, to stop the fight but it took two full days for their vile tempers to cool down. On September 6, our boat would enter the Suez Canal after dinner and so the first class passengers were entertained to a fancy-dress ball with dances to the accompaniment of war tunes till the boat reached the mouth of the Suez Canal at midnight. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Bitter; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— Kalidas Nag, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memoirs: Volume One, 1891-1921 </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1991), 88.</span></span></p></span></blockquote><span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Bitter; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidbkpfK-d_423Vni0BLMa3lorEbbt6hQ5ab9xy-oZMSVJqaI4oQQOezzrZuazuaMFvgNwS8FKGmKmRFpPpH1dX278o1zt-wqGsiZ1On24qD0-r7VAK8TCyOQD_pCOvURIsfIAOtgXfpAZM8gc_F2pxiWEJ_zAv3-nSaGnhRQwl63mhydvzTwdpSAr5/s4032/IMG_1823.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidbkpfK-d_423Vni0BLMa3lorEbbt6hQ5ab9xy-oZMSVJqaI4oQQOezzrZuazuaMFvgNwS8FKGmKmRFpPpH1dX278o1zt-wqGsiZ1On24qD0-r7VAK8TCyOQD_pCOvURIsfIAOtgXfpAZM8gc_F2pxiWEJ_zAv3-nSaGnhRQwl63mhydvzTwdpSAr5/w640-h480/IMG_1823.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">"United States Warship 'Intrepid': Passing through the Canal—not so long ago." Via <i>New Middle East </i>(January 1969). </span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><div><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The previous year King Farouk, loyal to the west, had been overthrown and a new revolutionary government of Egypt led by President Naguib had taken over. Within the temporary government, Gamal Abdel Nasser was already a strong force. There were disputes simmering about the control and use of the Suez Canal. The bitterness in Anglo-Egyptian relations was already quite strong, though it would not burst into open warfare until three years later. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">So there was some tension as we waited on board, hoping that the Egyptian officers would soon come, as they eventually did, all neatly dressed in well-starched white uniforms. We passengers had formed a long queue from the deck that gave access to the shore, right to the top of the ship. I was sandwiched between two groups of rather loud men talking about the lethargy and other failings of Egyptians, and the gullibility of Egypt-loving Englishmen such as T.E. Lawrence and the archaeologist Leonard Woolley. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">An Egyptian officer came up the steps, stopped and looked at me, and asked where I was from. When I told him that I was from India, he took me straight down off the ship to the line of waiting buses, to join a cluster of people of colour (to use a modern term not then in use) who were getting into them. This was the only occasion in my whole life when my Indian citizenship resulted in favourable treatment at a border control. Since I still have only Indian citizenship, I am very used to standing in long queues at passport checkpoints, answering questions about whether I might be tempted to stay in whatever country it is I am passing through. I did not know how unusual this episode of favoured treatment would be. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Bitter; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— Amartya Sen, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Home in the World: A Memoir </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(New York: Liveright, 2022), 248-249. </span></span></p></span></blockquote><span><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We had no idea, in any case, that for the next four or five years our little group would constitute with a few rare exceptions the entire complement of first-class passengers on the Compagnie des Transports Maritimes passenger-and-cargo steamers which plied between France and South America. We had a choice of either second-class on the only luxury-liner which worked this route, or first-class on the humbler sort of vessel. The intriguers went by luxury-liner, paid the difference out of their own pockets, and hoped by so doing to rub shoulders with an Ambassador or two and in some way profit thereby. We others chose the</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> bateau mixte</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; it took six days longer, but we were its masters and, what is more, it made many stops en route. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How I wish today that I had realized twenty years ago the full value of what we were given! The unbelievable luxury, that is to say: the royal privilege of sharing with eight or ten others exclusive rights over the first-class deck, cabins, smoking-room, and dining-room on a ship built to carry a hundred or a hundred and fifty passengers. We were nineteen days at sea; our province was rendered almost illimitable by the lack of other passengers; our appanage went everywhere with us. After our second or third crossing we came back to our ships, our own way of life; and we knew by name, even before we got aboard, those sterling stewards from Marseilles, with their moustaches and their heavy-soled shoes, who overpowered us with their garlicky smell as they bent over us with </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suprêmes de poularde </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">or </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">filet de turbot</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The meals, planned in any case on a Rabelaisian scale, became even more so from the fact that there were so few of us to sit down to them. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">That one civilization is ending and another beginning; that our world has suddenly found itself to be too small for the people who live in it: these are facts which became real to me, not because of figures or statistics or revolutions but because I happened, a few weeks ago, to make a certain telephone call. I had been playing with the idea of retrieving my youth by a return visit, after fifteen years, to Brazil. The answer was that I should need to book my cabin four months in advance.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">And I had imagined that, since the establishment of regular air-services between France and South America, the sea route was the preserve of a few eccentrics! It is, alas, a mistake to suppose that because one element has been invaded the other has been set free.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">But in between the marvellous voyages of 1935 or thereabouts and the one to which I returned an immediate “No” there was one, in 1941, which was charged with symbolic meaning for the years to come. Shortly after the armistice I was invited to the New School for Social Research in New York. (This I owed in part to the friendly interest which had been taken in my work by Robert H. Lowie and Alfred Metraux, in part to the vigilance of relations of mine long settled in the U.S.A., and, finally, to the Rockefeller Foundation s scheme for the rescue of European scholars who might find themselves menaced by the German occupation.) The problem was: how to get there? My first idea was that I should pretend to be returning to Brazil in order to continue my pre-war research there. I went to the ground-floor rooms in Vichy, where the Brazilian Embassy had set up its temporary home, and asked to have my visa renewed. The interview was cruelly brief. I was well known to the Ambassador, Luis de Souza-Dantas, and he would, in any case, have behaved in the same way had I not known him. He was just raising his hand to stamp my passport when one of his staff reminded him, in tones of chilling respect, that under the new regulations he could no longer renew visas. For several seconds his arm remained poised, and there was a look almost of entreaty in his eyes as he tried to make his junior turn aside for a moment. My passport once stamped, I could at least have left France, even if I could not get into Brazil. But he wouldn’t; and at length the Ambassador had to let fall his hand wide of my passport. No visa for me; he handed me back my passport with a gesture of distress.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">… but I saw myself as marked down for a concentration camp. Moreover, I had spent the previous two years, first in the virgin forests of Brazil, and later in one improvised billet after another in the course of a disorderly retreat that had taken me from the Maginot Line to Beziers by way of the Sarthe, the Correze, and the Aveyron: cattle-trains on the one hand and sheepfolds on the other: so that my interlocutor s scruples seemed to me out of place. I saw myself going back to my wandering life but on the oceans this time, sharing the labours and die frugal repasts of a handful of seamen, sailing hither and yon on a clandestine vessel, sleeping on deck, and gaining in health and strength from the day-long nearness of the sea. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I did at last get a ticket for the</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Capitaine Paul Lemerle</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. When the time came to embark the quayside was cordoned off. Helmeted</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> gardes-mobiles</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, with automatic pistols at the ready, severed all contact between passengers and the relatives or friends who had come to see them off. Good-byes were cut short by a blow or a curse. This was not the solitary adventure I had had in mind; it was more like the departure of a convict-ship.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Bitter; font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— Claude Lévi-Strauss, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tristes Tropiques, </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Translated by John Russel, (New York: Criterion Books, 1961 [1955]), 23-25. </b></span></span></span></p></span></blockquote><span><br /></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-63017749325792330132023-03-01T10:13:00.015-08:002023-03-03T08:33:03.253-08:00No Palestinians Involved: An Open Letter to My Colleagues <p><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV6neyyAr-KPu-qWDJ5OL_ZmHNMNeoTU7iQhRVp5mzGxz6GyJ_ACZGCXMRtgQnvl_FCoxvyUdVpvJsQ_JkVScPupep21Jz7lQw_aa-yzP5PiueNKaZBle1HR7aBB6-gHnlR2RAn2_fGNwhM01dBXza3Zd3S9-A5UyxcJJimK8YlnGMAm-LYOki4hBg/s2366/Screen%20Shot%202023-03-01%20at%2012.56.04%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1674" data-original-width="2366" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV6neyyAr-KPu-qWDJ5OL_ZmHNMNeoTU7iQhRVp5mzGxz6GyJ_ACZGCXMRtgQnvl_FCoxvyUdVpvJsQ_JkVScPupep21Jz7lQw_aa-yzP5PiueNKaZBle1HR7aBB6-gHnlR2RAn2_fGNwhM01dBXza3Zd3S9-A5UyxcJJimK8YlnGMAm-LYOki4hBg/w640-h450/Screen%20Shot%202023-03-01%20at%2012.56.04%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Palestine Exploration Fund map (1876). Via <a href="https://palopenmaps.org/" target="_blank">Palestine Open Maps</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Dear colleagues, </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Since the new Dan David Prize has arrived on</span><a data-auth="NotApplicable" data-linkindex="0" data-loopstyle="link" data-safelink="true" href="https://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/news/elise-burton-wins-prestigious-dan-david-prize-history" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; color: #1155cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> the shores of Lake Ontario</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, I think it’s prudent to think about why and how. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The Dan David Prize is hosted by Tel Aviv University. From its inception in 2001 until 2021, the prize was reserved for well-established scholars and artists, three prizes of $1 million each were awarded annually according to a theme (in 2014, the medical school’s Peter St George-Hyslop received the prize). In the last two years, the format has changed. Now 9 junior scholars (no more than 15 years beyond their PhD) working in the “historical disciplines” (historians, art historians, archaeologists and the like) are awarded $300,000 each through an open nomination process. This shift is undoubtedly linked to the historian Catherine Hall’s public refusal of the prize in 2016. What junior scholar, Palestinians be damned, can refuse 300,000 U.S. dollars? </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A new academic advisor position was established and a major PR firm, New York’s DKC, was hired by the Prize, which was rechristened “the largest history prize in the world.” The firm has done its job well. Last year the </span><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Washington Post </span><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dubbed the previously obscure prize a “MacArthur-style ‘genius grant’ for history.” This year, whoever runs the American filmmaker Ken Burn’s Twitter account is busy publicizing the prize. University PR offices of course need no outside incentive to publicize their faculty's awards, so breathless press releases streamed out in an efficient manner from all the awardees' institutions. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The annual selection committee of 9 scholars is now also widely publicized after the prize’s announcement, their affiliations and visages listed on the Dan David website and posted to their social media with flashy graphics. So each year now, 18 scholars of history are enlisted in a PR project hosted by Tel Aviv University and Israel. Three members of the 10-member board of the foundation are affiliated with Tel Aviv University, including the current president, a former one (Itamar Rabinovich), and a historian. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Tel Aviv University's campus was constructed on the site of the Palestinian village Sheikh Muwannis. Today, you can host a wedding at the renovated “Green House,” as it’s called, one of the village's only remaining structures. If you look across the street from the house’s rooftop patio, you’ll see the brutalist edifice of the Institute for National Security Studies. Gaze towards your north, you’ll see the buildings of the Engineering faculty. More pressing than the past however—the Dan David Prize after all “celebrates scholars and practitioners whose work illuminates the human past and can enrich public discourse with a deeper understanding of history”—is the future. Tel Aviv University, especially its engineers, information technologists, and Orientalists, is tightly enmeshed in the war-making and intelligence-gathering apparatus of the State of Israel. Its faculty and students collaborate in an official capacity, to give one pressing example, with Elbit Systems, the most high-tech and wide-reaching weapons manufacturer in Israel, producer of the drones which terrorize Palestinians on a daily basis. Needless to say, the University like all academic and cultural institutions in Israel, is the subject of an international boycott. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Last year, on the same day that the Palestinian journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was murdered by an Israeli sniper in Jenin, the Dan David Prize winners were paraded on stage in an <a data-auth="NotApplicable" data-linkindex="1" data-loopstyle="link" data-safelink="true" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=9LihOo0bhSI&ab_channel=DanDavidPrize" id="LPNoLPOWALinkPreview" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=9LihOo0bhSI&ab_channel=DanDavidPrize">extravagant ceremony</a> just fifty miles west on the grounds of Tel Aviv University. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Dan David Prize, like the Jerusalem Prize before it, serves to legitimize Israel’s presence on the global stage. In 2001, </span><a data-auth="NotApplicable" data-linkindex="2" data-loopstyle="link" data-safelink="true" href="https://pastandfuturepresents.blogspot.com/2013/02/said-sontag-dishonor-of-israeli-honors.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; color: #1155cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Edward Said wrote to Susan Sontag</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, explaining what her acceptance of the Jerusalem Prize entailed: “your charismatic presence for the Prize and your acceptance of it is, for the Israeli government, a badly needed boost to its poor international standing, a symbol that the greatest talents in the end subscribe to what Israel is doing.”</span></span></p><div><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">I am</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Sincerely yours, </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Esmat Elhalaby </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Assistant Professor, History </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">March 2023</span></div>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-7429206707653894232023-02-22T18:12:00.005-08:002023-02-22T18:19:38.977-08:00Read<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAlF9zzNliK8svqg0VG6tx2rpPgjVMtYdS4XQFzJf6jmWzG7apt9_tD7NGA9fsHYJS5eGwCY9NcHItzfql0WoJLcefQrlml-YD6CKNHmVdtWG37ycZfX00c8BULrIS9YdIRaWbh1L39R4OsqVv8bBVhQa7hxSqDsUOyYwdprrWbIHujwnZNNC8ZzgE/s1920/d35f9aec-3516-4a2a-b9bb-36d1be6b3fc5.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="1402" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAlF9zzNliK8svqg0VG6tx2rpPgjVMtYdS4XQFzJf6jmWzG7apt9_tD7NGA9fsHYJS5eGwCY9NcHItzfql0WoJLcefQrlml-YD6CKNHmVdtWG37ycZfX00c8BULrIS9YdIRaWbh1L39R4OsqVv8bBVhQa7hxSqDsUOyYwdprrWbIHujwnZNNC8ZzgE/w468-h640/d35f9aec-3516-4a2a-b9bb-36d1be6b3fc5.webp" width="468" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Hamed Owais, "Dr Mostafa Sweif" (1961).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;">Read, read, read. Read till your eyes swim; get yourselves right, hold meetings, keep on holding them. To aim high and far is not the problem, for that is not what distinguishes those who accomplish. It is the planning, the organisation, the attention to detail, the tenacity that count. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b758ca2d-7fff-f1e0-f5ee-6d960ee3ebfb" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><br /></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-b758ca2d-7fff-f1e0-f5ee-6d960ee3ebfb"><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— C.L.R. James </span><a href="https://files.libcom.org/files/The%20CLR%20James%20Reader.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1956) </span></a></span></b></p></span></span></blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-b758ca2d-7fff-f1e0-f5ee-6d960ee3ebfb"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b758ca2d-7fff-f1e0-f5ee-6d960ee3ebfb" style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><p style="line-height: 1.28; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 173.9pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You gotta study the Qu'ran, Torah, Bhagavad Gita The Bible, Five Baskets of Buddha Zen</span></p></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><p style="line-height: 1.26; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 146.85pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And when you've read them shits, read them shits again! But watch what you're repeatin</span></p></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><p style="line-height: 1.26; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 211.05pt; margin-top: 0.15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If you don't know the history of the author You don't know what you're reading!</span></p></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo";"><br /></span><p style="line-height: 1.075; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 6.1pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— KRS-One</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JPavFh-8ZU&ab_channel=BoogieDownProductions-Topic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (1992) </span></a></span></b></p></blockquote></span></span><span><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br /></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-89845460914748778512023-01-08T12:26:00.007-08:002023-01-09T03:59:35.706-08:00Syllabus: Making the Global South (2023) <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-a0f72c23-7fff-0dcb-3a14-7642d414f41f"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: courier; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgooepBa57u_O9f1ID_UJBJCAy3gjqhxRENGDtv_Kvb6DEVnVph3JVw9NosKxdYOhlfV1Z8wb-F33gkgHj_fyLjGDo7q9rM2itLUTrHAGlpBMengYIxQgjoqmUr-KBrjCtyDhIylmiS_jKesnngq_WDjjUWeIoPfuQBJBUl6jXDDK6Ts8e1OLKuwbyq/s799/download.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="589" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgooepBa57u_O9f1ID_UJBJCAy3gjqhxRENGDtv_Kvb6DEVnVph3JVw9NosKxdYOhlfV1Z8wb-F33gkgHj_fyLjGDo7q9rM2itLUTrHAGlpBMengYIxQgjoqmUr-KBrjCtyDhIylmiS_jKesnngq_WDjjUWeIoPfuQBJBUl6jXDDK6Ts8e1OLKuwbyq/w470-h640/download.webp" width="470" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Zarina Hashmi, "Rohingyas: Floating on the Dark Sea," 2015.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><i><br /></i></span></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><i>The syllabus below is for a new upper-division undergraduate course that I begin teaching this week. The topic is obviously quite broad, and I don't pretend to be comprehensive. The logic of the course is explained below. Readings are mostly linked if you wish to do the readings yourself. </i></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: courier; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHXj22vVjuBe2j456B0Vvk8CnHxVYcSt7rlIdTMcHhMrk1XfijOLatLTkjFPI6kvEOHfa8byJoUUjF4dYz0WswM7Boi5QGqPCwyEHfsUFgn8hnrMXQXrua2LRt5GJHNVeySXoR9T6sMrWrTu2bCK4XbBH_rqKRm5jSckRasxKcrGgEClT0KX9cEaN/s1610/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-08%20at%203.13.10%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1160" data-original-width="1610" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHXj22vVjuBe2j456B0Vvk8CnHxVYcSt7rlIdTMcHhMrk1XfijOLatLTkjFPI6kvEOHfa8byJoUUjF4dYz0WswM7Boi5QGqPCwyEHfsUFgn8hnrMXQXrua2LRt5GJHNVeySXoR9T6sMrWrTu2bCK4XbBH_rqKRm5jSckRasxKcrGgEClT0KX9cEaN/w640-h462/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-08%20at%203.13.10%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">W. E. B. Du Bois, <i>The Georgia Negro: A Social Study </i>(1900) </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Through the study of texts, films, and images this course considers the making of the global south in two ways. First, how the global south was made </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">from above</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. That is to say, the history of those conditions and patterns of thought that made the global south distinct from the north. This first task necessarily requires attention to the material and rhetorical production of the global south’s antecedents: darker and lesser peoples, the uncivilized world, the orient, the jungle, the third world, the developing world, and so on. We will read primary sources by imperial thinkers and works of history, political economy, anthropology and geography in order to think through the production of the global south. Secondly, this class will consider how the global south was made </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">from below</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. How were these conditions of inequality and exploitation resisted? How were categories of inferiority rethought, how did the third world become a significant geography that animated social movements, political theory, and poetry?</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-df3595c5-7fff-31fc-1501-f998f0b85363"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 1. Intro: The Global South from Above and Below (January 12)</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-family: Bitter;">Part 1. Making the World South </span></b></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 2. An Unequal Geography (January 19)</span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Walter Rodney, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1972), 75-91. [<a href="https://abahlali.org/files/3295358-walter-rodney.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>] </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Janet Abu-Lughod, “Discontinuities and Persistence: One World System or a Succession of Systems?” (1993). 278-291. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tK4ABPXzOByIFdVOimuiYCVUGcBZR8GC/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mike Davis, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World </span></span><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2000), 279-310. <a href="https://textz.com/textz/Late%20Victorian%20Holocausts.pdf" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 3. Capital and Labor (January 26) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Andrew Liu, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tea War: A History of Capitalism in China and India </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2020), 45-80. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tK4ABPXzOByIFdVOimuiYCVUGcBZR8GC/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zach Sell, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trouble of the World: Slavery and Empire in the Age of Capital </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2021), 87-116. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YhDpyXKvmtF2FTjUvAbVqhlSaiR8YcMD/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 4. History and Empire (February 2) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Uma Chakravarti, “Whatever Happened to the Vedic Dasi? Orientalism, Nationalism and a Script for the Past,” (1989), 27-87. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PiOlZ6JMujZMi_7bRvHOpnyJqLP6kmCV/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Satish Chandra, "A Note On the Decentring of History and Apprehension By All People of Their History," (1972), 92-109. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kMcc2hEb0L6tajoILzZZXt85XtZmenz7/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 5 Race and Science (February 9) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sadiah Qureshi, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peoples on Parade: Exhibitions, Empire, and Anthropology in </span></span><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nineteenth-Century Britain </span><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2011), 185-220. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZiDxAtCid79nA2sTedQtJGOwMHrD1l6z/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></p></li></ol><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Edward Said, “The Intellectual Origins of Imperialism and Zionism,” (1977), 47-52. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vx0tHP3yZGHwlng3a3nqa8U7DqY-nnfW/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWe880UOIZAMs0aG-Fo9eEhyiQetx41Hqd72I1Vp2_3tYMNkjlNBizBQr6ItCzLdSnZDNNI2qo0OuxNoCBPWhZoZzYob7X82HkffgXHXBVohVESzml_gFUloeDj-PRdB2cMsv05u84pEqQM7PmVDSl3mYpztjRsH3OzMnS1AXZ1IyX03UhPTetEGAa/s858/indenturedlabori00nort_0023.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="858" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWe880UOIZAMs0aG-Fo9eEhyiQetx41Hqd72I1Vp2_3tYMNkjlNBizBQr6ItCzLdSnZDNNI2qo0OuxNoCBPWhZoZzYob7X82HkffgXHXBVohVESzml_gFUloeDj-PRdB2cMsv05u84pEqQM7PmVDSl3mYpztjRsH3OzMnS1AXZ1IyX03UhPTetEGAa/w640-h404/indenturedlabori00nort_0023.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">From David Northrup, <i>Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834–1922 </i>(1995)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">Part 2: Rebellion and Movement</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 6 The Haitian Revolution (February 16) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CLR James, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Black Jacobins </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>(</u>1938), </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3-26; 85-117. <a href="https://politicaleducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CLR_James_The_Black_Jacobins.pdf" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 7 Prisoners and Rebels (March 2) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christina Heatherton, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arise! Global Radicalism in the Era of the Mexican Revolution </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2022), 21-46. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eXrDG5TciuxvaC52DGnNT_L4CfXM4z1G/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anand Yang, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Empire of Convicts: Indian Penal Labor in Colonial Southeast Asia </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2021)</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11-48. <a href="Empire of Convicts: Indian Penal Labor in Colonial Southeast Asia (" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 8 Pan-Asianism/Pan-Africanism and Empire (March 9) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from the </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">African Times and Orient Review </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/98650713/" target="_blank">[Library of Congress]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="417" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/QQNB5_Yb36YgpgGq9QRfNp1wk3X-_9_MYB_jIyxgTmq_wBK0iD4F8aa2pMc6H_fGqxf7Bi2jQ11TlSF6MqTrKMTk99jHexcQLmVVMc1jpPG0nl6haKxKAcJz-_UVyLk1IOnora1N0urKigy3RHNiuxYi=w640-h417" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><i>Young India </i>(January 1919).<br /></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-62e3e73c-7fff-cbd5-5751-1b07e0dd7065" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Bitter;">Part 3: Remaking the World South </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 9 Nationalist Collaboration (March 16) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Selections from the Proceedings of the All Asian Women's Conference, Lahore (1931). <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/18gK_sK92YfzIel4M7QN5MsrAfkmOC2qx/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Madhavi Thampi, “Indian Political Activism in Republican China,” (2021), 329-349. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TzZIRd8NHkgiF-OGO9BitBZIdigAZHCU/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 10 An International? (March 23) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">V.I. Lenin, “Draft Theses on National and Colonial Questions” (1920) <a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/jun/05.htm" target="_blank">[Marxists Internet Archive]</a> </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">M.N. Roy, “Supplementary Theses On The National And Colonial Question” (1920) <a href="https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch04.htm" target="_blank">[Marxists Internet Archive] </a></span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">George Padmore, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pan-Africanism or Communism</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (1956), 289-332;363-379. <a href="https://dialecticalartist.files.wordpress.com/2021/03/panafricanism-or-communism.-the-coming-struggle-for-africa-by-george-padmore-.pdf" target="_blank">[PDF]</a> </span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 11 Afro-Asia (March 30) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asia-Africa Speaks from Bandung </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1955) </span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Samera Esmier, “Bandung: Reflections on the Sea, the World, and Colonialism” (2017), 81-94. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YKkYTcd0Uh6JUKfueawDLysZqGkcf_lI/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a> </span></span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: courier;">Week 12 The Third World (April 6) </span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from Irwin Silber, ed., </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Voices of National Liberation </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1970) <a href="https://archive.org/details/voicesofnational00cong" target="_blank">[Internet Archive (non-Marxist)] </a></span></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frantz Fanon, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Wretched of the Earth </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1961), 148-205. <a href="https://monoskop.org/images/6/6b/Fanon_Frantz_The_Wretched_of_the_Earth_1963.pdf" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></li></ol><br /></span><br />ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-48619024175111869032022-12-13T12:36:00.002-08:002022-12-13T13:10:57.984-08:00Capital and Empire in Africa (Dispatch from Lisbon)<span id="docs-internal-guid-032b26de-7fff-bfc7-f124-85996304d31d"><span style="font-size: large;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXPKMa-QKGmtRiGkJ1emJ1qxy6aGIfnTfnBmWgVKna0YQTks8pyF6ePUAuU_ifl8x5pmSaaO7iN17LOAGCShp8tUhC1_D-hHZynreJBbkAb0Ub4rHOLK0iYnTUGwZC0xrr6D5PZ0rkJ8HLqmJQ-SzNqhFJ_YoOQN9-gpI406rOqwDV83Ssc0UAY4G/s6000/IMG_2125%20copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="6000" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXPKMa-QKGmtRiGkJ1emJ1qxy6aGIfnTfnBmWgVKna0YQTks8pyF6ePUAuU_ifl8x5pmSaaO7iN17LOAGCShp8tUhC1_D-hHZynreJBbkAb0Ub4rHOLK0iYnTUGwZC0xrr6D5PZ0rkJ8HLqmJQ-SzNqhFJ_YoOQN9-gpI406rOqwDV83Ssc0UAY4G/w640-h430/IMG_2125%20copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The Padrão dos Descobrimentos and the Jardim Botânico Tropical in Belém, Lisbon (2022)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The spirit of inquiry of the Portuguese in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries has imparted a distinct geographical flavour to the records of Portuguese activity in Africa in that era. Indeed, whatever short-comings those records possess must be attributed to the Portuguese preoccupation with the gathering of geographical data, to the exclusion of much else. As the Portuguese moved south along the west coast of Africa, their main concern was the preparation of navigational aids, necessitating a close attention to detail. Frequent soundings were made off the coast and in the rivers, and wind and weather conditions scrupulously noted. In 1634, the Conselho da Fazenda approved the payment of a pension to Miguel Albernas, who had been in their service as a cartographer on the Upper Guinea Coast.” The result of his work, like the work of so many others relating to Asia and Africa, must have been known only to the Portuguese authorities, since it was the policy to keep such information out of the hands of rivals.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Portuguese </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">roteiros</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, or charts, in spite of their limited objectives, are extremely useful introductions to the geography and the history of the Upper Guinea Coast. More substantial information followed later as European commercial activities intensified and forced them to look more closely at the land from which they hoped to reap a profit. Sierra Leone was particularly favoured, since inquiries were conducted with a view to Portuguese colonization in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, English and French colonization projects generated similar interest. On the basis of such evidence, and with some recourse to more recent and more scientific studies, one can construct a tolerably accurate geography of the region between the Gambia and Cape Mount, which is the region described by the term ‘Upper Guinea Coast’ in this study... </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">**** </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Together with the Senegambia, the Upper Guinea Coast was being exploited for slaves in the 1460s, even before the southern sections of the West African coast had been charted by the Portuguese. Four hundred years later, the Atlantic slave trade was still being prosecuted in the area. Over this span of centuries, the Upper Guinea Coast was involved in all the phases of the slave trade. It supplied Europe, the mines of Central and South America, and the plantations of the Caribbean and North America. In the late eighteenth century, it was Sierra Leone that was chosen as the site for the first settlement of freed slaves in West Africa; yet in spite of this memorial to freedom, and in spite of the British Navy, the slavers were still present in the neighbouring estuaries and rias until the second half of the nineteenth century. Thus, though the Upper Guinea Coast was not as notorious and unfortunate as Angola and the Bight, it is in many ways a classic region for the study of the Atlantic slave trade.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Fifty years after these shores had been seen by the Portuguese, the latter were shipping abroad, ‘when the trade of the country was well ordered’, more than 3,500 Africans every year. Captives taken were mainly destined for the nearby Cape Verde islands and the Iberian peninsula, with Madeira and the Canary Islands providing secondary markets. Sometimes captives from this section of the coast were procured by passing ships and became galley slaves—as, for example, in 1504, when the East Indies fleet of Alfonso de Albuquerque obtained seventy Negroes at Santiago.” This may also have applied to ships bound for the Americas. The Cape Verde islands were situated on the route of the sailing vessels proceeding from Portugal to Brazil, and it is not unlikely that small numbers of Africans from Upper Guinea were carried as slaves to Brazil at an early date.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It was the Spanish market which held out the greatest prospects. After the famous pleas of Las Casas, Charles V granted to a courtier the right to furnish 4,000 slaves to the Antilles, and the deal was eventually carried through by Genoese merchants, who made their purchases in Lisbon. A great portion of these slaves were obtained through Cape Verde enterprise. In 1512 a royal edict had declared that all Guinea slaves should go directly to Lisbon. The Cape Verdeans protested that in that event no ships from Madeira, the Azores, the Canaries, or Spain would visit the Cape Verde islands,” and they may have broken this strict provision. In any event, many of the slaves on the Lisbon market would have been acquired on the Upper Guinea Coast and in the Senegambia. Indirectly, therefore, Upper Guinea was in touch with the market in the Spanish Indies since the second decade of the sixteenth century. By the second half of that century, the Spanish Indies had become the principal destination of captives from this area...</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">****</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">In 1755 the captain-major of Cacheu reported aggrievedly that an English ship from Barbados had gone straight up to Zeguichor on the river Casamance without a pilot—something which no Portuguese captain had ever done. This was truly symbolic, because it was in the sphere of navigation that Portugal had led the world in the fifteenth century. But the financial infrastructure of European mercantilism and nascent industrial capitalism was never developed within the Iberian peninsula, so that the profits of Iberian expansion ultimately flowed to banking, commercial, and manufacturing centres outside of Portugal and Spain. With pretensions to a monopoly of world trade completely shattered by the seventeenth century, Portugal became a depressed area of the Western European economy.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Of course capitalism, even in the days of chauvinist mercantilism, was already an international phenomenon; and all Western European states displayed a great degree of interdependence in buying, selling, and transporting goods intended for Africa. However, Portugal’s relationship was one of dependency rather than equality. Joao Barreto stresses Portugal’s weakness as an apologia for that country’s responsibility in the Atlantic slave trade. His argument is that Portugal’s moral blameworthiness should be proportionate to the small profits they reaped. He says:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It is curious to note that the economy of Portugal was the one which profited least from the slave trade. In the first place, the national mercantile fleet was very limited; the majority of the ships which, since the sixteenth century, were used to carry slaves from the African coast being foreign, and no gain accrued to Portugal. . . . In the second place, Portugal did not produce the articles which the slavers made use of in their transactions with the peoples of Africa: cotton cloths, trumpery, beads, mirrors, iron, etc. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Moral sophistry aside, he is substantially correct. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Walter Rodney, </b></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>A History of the Upper Guinea Coast 1545-1800</b> </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 1-2; 95-96; 242-243. A revision of his doctoral dissertation completed in 1966 at SOAS based upon work in the Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and British Archives, Rodney’s first book is a great work of historical research and writing. Reflecting on his reliance on European sources from his post in Dar es Salam, Rodney wrote that “stumbling over such barriers is an occupational hazard for those who seek to reconstruct the history not only of Africa’s peoples but also of all the voiceless millions who worked and died.” “My debt,” he wrote in the preface to his book, “is greatest to the irredentist masses of the British Caribbean, who provided inspiration and finances (via the University of the West Indies).” He ended his preface with a philosophy of history: “I have sought to ensure that the integrity of the evidence was respected at all times, for this has always been demanded from those who practise the writing of history. Beyond that, the interpreter is himself nothing but a spokesman for historical forces.” </span></span></p></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-84098372655999852922022-12-12T12:04:00.005-08:002022-12-12T16:02:00.628-08:00Capital and Empire in Asia (Dispatch from Lisbon)<p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhClXeVPQvuG609GFZ8cG8xn5rTcxNUgltD0XYJcMLGMicSsBYQQwcav3mEbdcrYwNVGFdhVI0wg0KiQzNo6z7JwwCUqLXpbXolE1QKS5AUmal4s_bx4VTgiW6hhbM4iEdax05Lpt1uawcUyDYhPUsEqYoAYNh2XZpkkN3DCQ7_jtG8hKIe1rwH3viT/s6000/IMG_2107%20copy.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6000" data-original-width="4032" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhClXeVPQvuG609GFZ8cG8xn5rTcxNUgltD0XYJcMLGMicSsBYQQwcav3mEbdcrYwNVGFdhVI0wg0KiQzNo6z7JwwCUqLXpbXolE1QKS5AUmal4s_bx4VTgiW6hhbM4iEdax05Lpt1uawcUyDYhPUsEqYoAYNh2XZpkkN3DCQ7_jtG8hKIe1rwH3viT/w430-h640/IMG_2107%20copy.JPG" width="430" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The Padrão dos Descobrimentos and the Jardim Botânico Tropical in Belém, Lisbon (2022)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div><blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Though [Pedro Alvarez] Cabral had sailed away, the Portuguese had not abandoned the Indian Ocean. On the contrary, Dom Manoel assumed for himself the title of ‘The Lord of the Navigation, Conquest and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India’ and fitted out an even stronger expedition with orders to enforce his claim to the supremacy of the Indian seas. It was Vasco da Gama himself who was appointed captain-major of this fleet. The fleet consisted of fifteen ships of which six were larger and more powerfully equipped than those which had previously arrived in the Indian sea. <i>San Jeronymo</i> was the flagship. The other five were lateen rigged caravels fitted with heavy artillery and the expedition carried 800 trained soldiers. Since it was realized that there might be serious opposition a reinforcement of five vessels under Estavo da Gama was sent five months later. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">The most impressive fact about this first and most decisive period of Portuguese endeavour is the remarkable manner in which the fleets in the East were kept reinforced by the Portuguese home government. Armada followed armada in unending succession under trained captains, and the Portuguese chiefs in the Indian waters knew that men and ships were on the way bringing succor to them. Even in the most difficult circumstances they could therefore hold out with the firm conviction that help was not far away. In this work, the Portuguese Government had the financial backing of the great merchant princes of Antwerp who, realizing the revolutionary change in trade that the Portuguese discoveries involved, had hastened to annex the benefits. The Weslers, for example, had invested in the Portuguese voyages of 1505, and the Lisbon Government had found it necessary as early as 1503 to open a depot for spices in Antwerp. To this system of continuous reinforcements, worked out by Dom Manoel with the assistance of Antwerp capital, must be attributed the success that attended the navies of Portugal on the Eastern seas. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Da Gama and his associates, even before they reached the coast of India, began to enforce the claim of his sovereign to be ‘the Lord of Navigation’. Without any kind of warning he intercepted and destroyed any vessel he came across on his voyage. The following incident quoted in Lendas da India is typical of the policy of terrorism and piracy that he introduced into Indian waters. The Portuguese armada ran across some unarmed vessels returning from Mecca. Vasco da Gama captured them and in the words of Lendas, ‘after making the ships empty of goods, prohibited anyone from taking out of it any Moor and then ordered them to set fire to it’. The explanation for capturing the vessel is perhaps to be found in Barroes’ remark: ‘It is true that there does exist a common right to all to navigate the seas and in Europe we recognize the rights which others hold against us; but the right does not extend beyond Europe and therefore the Portuguese as Lords of the Sea are justified in confiscating the goods of all those who navigate the seas without their permission.’ </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large;">Strange and comprehensive claim, yet basically one which every European nation, in its turn, held firmly almost to the end of Western supremacy in Asia. It is true that no other nation put it forward so crudely or tried to enforce it so barbarously as the Portuguese in the first quarter of the sixteenth century, but the principle that the doctrines of international law did not apply outside Europe, that what would be barbarism in London or Paris is civilized conduct in Peking (e.g. the burning of the Summer Palace) and that European nations had no moral obligations in dealing with Asian peoples (as for example when Britain insisted on the opium trade against the laws of China, though opium smoking was prohibited by law in England itself) was part of the accepted creed of Europe’s relations with Asia. So late as 1870 the President of the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce declared: ‘China can in no sense be considered a country entitled to all the same rights and privileges as civilized nations which arc bound by international law. Till the end of European domination the fact that rights existed for Asians against Europeans was conceded only with considerable mental reservation. In countries under direct British occupation, like India, Burma and Ceylon, there were equal rights established by law, but that as against Europeans the law was not enforced very rigorously was known and recognized. In China, under extra-territorial jurisdiction, Europeans were protected against the operation of Chinese laws. In fact, except in Japan this doctrine of different rights persisted to the very end and was a prime cause of Europe’s ultimate failure in Asia. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: large;"><b>K.M. Panikkar, <i>Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco Da Gama Epoch of Asian History 1498–1945 </i></b>(London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1953), 41-43. Panikkar (1895–1963) was a prominent historian and diplomat in late colonial and post-colonial India. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, the author of a number of scholarly histories of the Portuguese Empire and its personalities, has contested Panikkar’s characterizations of da Gama and described Panikkar variously as an “idealogue” and “Indian nationalist,” which he was. <i>Asia and Western Dominance</i> was completed in 1951, just as Panikkar was finishing his tenure as Indian ambassador to China and moving to Cairo to become Indian ambassador to Egypt, however the idea for the book was conceived much earlier. “In 1925,” he recounts, “when I went to Portugal I visited the port of Belem from which Vasco da Gama set out on his fateful voyage to India and marveled at the momentous changes unleashed on the world by that trivial event. It was then that the idea of writing a full scale history of European domination over the Asian continent had occurred to me.” As an idealogue and nationalist, Panikkar oversaw the organization and elaboration of a series of cultural and intellectual projects related to the writing and publication of Indian and Asian history (more on those efforts, at length, in the future).</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;"></span></p>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-90902795469396093412022-11-12T07:36:00.006-08:002022-11-13T03:18:49.398-08:00Third World? Which Third World? — Pierre Jalée (1963) <p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNtnAPeJGjzgQZ_ZWAuoj1oXYvKn8CBoRYC_vpF9IFCSXcnLP2wRMSklH4sRTTiWLzBmyNPWul7ohIq5yvyJ9JM6-o_Pyl-9gNPY1oKJ_PIyCx0Vt3GE89daWt6o_uHVhlZam0cJr3Rpe1h-xskqhjFq8En75hIJVVR9vHOjEGAKQHI7VoNGVpcIp/s4032/IMG_0379.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNtnAPeJGjzgQZ_ZWAuoj1oXYvKn8CBoRYC_vpF9IFCSXcnLP2wRMSklH4sRTTiWLzBmyNPWul7ohIq5yvyJ9JM6-o_Pyl-9gNPY1oKJ_PIyCx0Vt3GE89daWt6o_uHVhlZam0cJr3Rpe1h-xskqhjFq8En75hIJVVR9vHOjEGAKQHI7VoNGVpcIp/w480-h640/IMG_0379.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><i>Revolution Africa, Latin America, Asia</i> 1:7 (November 1963).<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c565b20a-7fff-56fa-d718-156f72251914"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Although we may not agree with some of the author’s sweeping historical claims below, in a time of renewed academic interest in the history of the Third World and mainstream enthusiasm for its cognate “the Global South,'' strident critiques are useful as ever. Published in Jacques Vergès' great if short lived Parisian journal of tricontinental Marxism, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Revolution Africa, Latin America, Asia</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Pierre Jalée’s 1963 essay below is characteristic of the moment and the magazine. Enthusiastic about Maoist China, deeply critical of Kruschev’s “revisionism,” and skeptical of Nehru’s non-alignment, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Revolution</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> published regular dispatches from those movements of national liberation still raging and acerbic criticism of imperialist thought and practice. Its editorial board would include Hamza Alavi, Hassan Diab (Samir Amin). Mohamed Babu, and Maulana Bhashani, as the historian Layli Uddin <a href="https://layliuddin.wordpress.com/2020/11/17/revolution-malcolm-x-and-maulana-bhashani/" target="_blank">has noted</a>. Siné drew many of the magazine’s brilliant cartoons. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite being a prolific and widely published writer, very little has been written about Jalée himself. The pseudonym of Maurice Rue, a French communist closely involved with the nationalist movement in Morocco in the 1930s—and imprisoned for that activity—Jalée would go on to serve the independent Moroccan state’s finance ministry, before moving to France. His many books on the political economy of imperialism were published by Maspero and in English translations by the Monthly Review Press. Texts like </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">he Pillage of the Third World, The Third World in World Economy, and How Capitalism Works</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, pepper the bibliographies of the 1960s and 70s. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pillage</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> was among the 99 books removed from George Jackson’s prison cell after he was murdered in San </i></span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Quentin</i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>. Jalée’s Moroccan career is detailed in a memoir, </i></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L'ancre dans l'avenir </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Paris: Karthala, 1981). And the French conditions of his efforts are narrated in Christoph Kalter, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Discovery of the Third World: Decolonization and the Rise of the New Left in France, c. 1950–1976</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016). But Jalée’s life and work deserves serious study. </span></b></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-360e2c2c-7fff-5f4c-856a-6a96ce9fe049"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">****</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;">Third World? Which Third World? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Although it first appeared only in 1956, the expression "Third World" has already had a brilliant career. Quickly entering the vocabulary of the economist and the journalist, it is known today even to the man on the street. Blossoming generously under the pens of capitalist technocrats and politicians, it nevertheless is not rare to find it also being used by Marxist theorists. The neo-colonialist and the neo-colonial use it. Even Frantz Fanon used it.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">There is only a step to believing that this universality of use is explained by a clear, precise and indisputable meaning. However, let us not take that step until we have attempted to make an inventory of the term. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the French association which calls itself "Tiers Monde" (Third World), the problem is simple: there is an identity between the so-called countries of the "Third World" and the underdeveloped countries. But others have felt the need to try to be more precise. Jean Lacouture and Jean Baumier, in the preface to their book, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Le Poids du Tiers Monde</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Arthaud, Paris, 1962), try to explore the reality masked by these two familiar words. After referring to a kind of Third Estate or international Third Force, they suggest that the Third World might represent ex-colonial, underdeveloped countries, or, further yet, stand for the countries which refuse, if not socialism and capitalism, at least the socialist camp as well as the imperialist camp. The idea is put forward that the Third World might be made up of the nations which have benefited neither from the liberal capitalist and industrial revolution of the 19th century nor the socialist revolution of the 20th century and which seek their own form of revolution. Our two authors, after having been seduced by the definition "countries carrying out an inventory," finally decide on no single definition and leave the reader still unsatisfied.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The November 1962 issue of the French publication, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Documents</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La Revue des Deux Mondes</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Paris), devoted to "Aid to the Third World," seems to go a bit further with less words, in so far as it denounces the confusion reigning about this "ready-made formula," a confusion which arises from the fact that the meaning of the term is essentially political, although it is usual to use it in an economic sense to designate all the underdeveloped countries.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">To unmask a confused and even confusion-making term is already good but one should go further. For us — and although we have used this expression elsewhere — , we shall not wait to throw our pebble into the stream: there is no Third World. This expression is more than confused, it is a mystification.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Indeed, to call a group of countries without further definition the Third World is to say expressly that this group of countries belongs neither to the group of socialist countries nor to the group of capitalist countries. Objectively, such a group of countries does not exist, even if one wanted to make a faulty distinction between politics and economics.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The expression "Third World" can only have meaning by reference to the two other "worlds": the group of capitalist countries and the group of socialist countries or countries committed to socialism. It implies that the countries to which one applies the term belong to neither one nor the other, which is obviously false. But it is necessary to examine the question more closely.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">A Third Force?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The expression "Third World," as has been said, dates from 1956. It could hardly be born or have much success before, because the Bandung Conference was held in 1955, and the equivocable nature of the expression depends upon the policy developed by the Afro-Asian countries after Bandung.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Indeed, the majority of these countries defined and claim to carry out an international policy which they qualify as "neutralist" or "non-aligned" or "non-committed," aimed at maintaining a certain independence in regard to the international policy of both of the two big blocs. Some persons even believed or let themselves be convinced that a third world force was coming into being.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">But imperialism was sufficiently supple to tolerate youthful sins on the part of the newly independent countries, pardonable sins which consisted of affirming principles which in any case it would be difficult to oppose openly. The situation called for generous understanding of the countries obtaining their political emancipation. It was to let time and American aid do their work and to take action individually in concrete cases. The Congo was one of these, and it must be admitted that the non-committed countries did not cause many major worries for the imperialist camp on that occasion, the principal difficulty having arisen within the imperialist camp itself. In 1963, some twenty African States finally showed how docile they were by renouncing their demand that South Africa be expelled from the United Nations. They were left Portugal as a target, which embarrassed few persons, even in the West.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hence, there is no third force either on a global scale or on that of various States. And this for the sole and sufficient reason that economics commands politics, and at present only two economic systems divide and dispute the world: capitalism and socialism. The so-called third ways are never more than a camouflage for the first, as Theodore Stibbe, in numbers 4 and 5 of the French review </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Partisans</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and the </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peking Review</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (in its issue of April 15, 1963—"Socialism and Nehru") effectively demonstrated in the case of India. The same is true for all the countries lumped together under the term "Third World," as well as for others. North Vietnam and Senegal are both underdeveloped countries; but the former belongs from every angle to the group of socialist countries, the second to the group of capitalist countries. There is no other problem, no other basic choice, and Jean Lacouture and Jean Baumier put forward an already exposed untruth knowingly a mystification, when they claim that "the debate between capitalism and socialism appears, from many aspects, to be outdated, at least in the Third World." Have they cited a single country that has escaped the dilemma?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The Storm Centres</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">But, no doubt we shall be asked, you are not going to place on the same footing, although classifying them in the same world, the United States, which has an annual per capita revenue of $2,400 and directs (not without difficulty) the politics of half the planet, and Morocco, whose national per capita revenue does not exceed $130? — Certainly, there can be no question of mixing together the great powers and the small, technically backward countries, the dominating and dominated economies. But the fact that imperialism has an essential internal contradiction between exploiting and exploited countries does not remove any of its unity. This unity is indeed the fruit of this contradiction, without which imperialism would not be imperialism. And the fact that the United States, Britain, France and several other countries exploit for the profit of their monopolist capital the economy of twenty countries of Africa and, in order to do this, guide or control the policy of those countries, not only does not remove the fact that both are basically part of imperialism, but creates that fact. On the other hand, although Morocco and Cuba have in common numerous characteristics that greatly distinguish them from the United States and France, it is nevertheless true that there is a primordial difference between them. One has maintained its ties with imperialism, the other has broken them. The former is politically and economically part of one group of coun- tries, the second part of another group. There is no third indeed, the most certain consequence of the expression "Third World" is to conceal that fact and confuse people. group. And, indeed, the most certain consequence of the expression “Third World” is to conceal that fact and confuse people. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Every coin has two faces; let us recognize, nevertheless, that the fact of grouping together the underdeveloped countries dominated by imperialism under a special term, implies that they constitute a special zone within the imperialist camp. This is almost a preliminary hommage to an emancipation that is felt to be inevitable and relatively near. The "Third World," in its current use, means the underlings of imperialism. But these underlings are more or less aware of that and aspire with greater or lesser confusion to be that no longer. "Black Africa has had a bad start," some say, while others say it has not started off at all. In any case, it is the question of its departure, or new departure, that is in the air.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The countries given the misleading name of "Third World" are those at present where plots are multiplying against leaders committed to imperial- ism. Whether these plots are real or not, exaggerated or minimized, whether they do not often appear to have an immediate positive aspect, it is none the less true that plots in general do not flourish in the countries where the population is satisfied with its fate and the regime. They imply, if not popular support for the plots, at least a certain receptivity among the masses. Objectively, the gap does not cease to widen, despite all the "aid," between the economic level of the dominated underdeveloped countries and that of the countries that exploit them. And the weak national bourgeoisies in power in the former submit more and more to imperialism, sinking into nepotism and an insulting luxury amidst poverty. These countries in a state of ferment represent without a doubt the point of weakest resistance of the imperialist front. Some of them have already reached the stage of open struggle. And the Chinese Communists are right in seeing in them "the storm centres." "The various types of contradictions in the contemporary world are concentrated in the vast areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America; these are the most vulnerable areas under imperialist rule and the storm-centres of world revolution dealing direct blows to imperialism." (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, June 14, 1963.)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The Basic Choice</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Hence there is no Third World, but there are storm centres. The revolutionary can ask himself under which conditions will these areas be that of the good storm.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The basic conditions were defined impeccably in a speech of April 13, 1963 by Le-Duan, secretary-general of the Lao-Dong Party of North Vietnam: "The immediate task of the peoples of these nations must be that of foiling and breaking imperialism's attempts at domination. For independent nations, this task is reduced to a choice between two roads: the non-capitalist road of development or the capitalist road of development." This is an absolute condemnation of any so-called third road. One does not compromise with imperialism, one does not limit it or temper it: one breaks with it or one submits. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If this is the golden rule for the countries directly concerned, it is also the rule that guides the action of the socialist countries and the proletarians of the developed capitalist countries in regard to the emancipation of the underdeveloped countries. And it is difficult to explain why certain leaders of Western Communist parties are maintaining that States with different social structures (capitalist and socialist) can, through mutual cooperation, intervene jointly for the progress of the underdeveloped regions. This is to misunderstand the very essence of imperialism, and one can understand why the Peking </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">People's Daily</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in December 1962, spoke out against the principle of "joint intervention," recalling that "the policy of imperialism in regard to the underdeveloped countries... can only be a policy of colonialist pillage: it can never be a policy concerned with the progress of the underdeveloped countries." The organ of the Chinese Communist Party stressed that it was obvious that the socialist countries must aid the peoples of the underdeveloped countries, first to conquer independence, then to develop their national economy. "But," it added, "the socialist countries must not second the colonialist policy of the imperialists, still less intervene jointly at their side in the underdeveloped areas. Whoever acted in that fashion would betray proletarian internationalism and serve the interests of imperialism and colonialism."</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Hence, the fundamental choice between the socialist road and the capitalist road, and non-collaboration with imperialism.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">But a primordial question of strategy is raised for the socialist countries and the world revolutionary movement: that of the importance of the aid to be given to the peoples of the storm centres. The Leninist theory that the front of imperialism is not uniformly strong is well known, and the clashes occur at the weakest points, with the best chances of success for the anti-imperialist forces. If, therefore, the "underlings of imperialism" are also its point of least resistance, if in these countries the storm threatens here and already rages there, it is obvious that the principal effort of the world revolutionary movement must be made in these areas in order to open a wide breech in the enemy front, which may determine the outcome of</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">the struggle. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Thus, the letter of June 14 of the Chinese Communist Party, after recalling that the national revolutionary movement of the areas of the storm centre and the socialist revolutionary movement in the world are the two great historical tendencies of our epoch, adds: "In a sense, therefore, the whole cause of the international proletarian revolution hinges on the outcome of the revolutionary struggles of the people of these areas, who constitute the overwhelming majority of the world's population." </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The terminology should be noted: "revolutionary struggle," "national revolutionary movement" of the peoples of the areas concerned. Lenin himself already warned against the emancipation movements of a non-revolutionary character which sought to disarm the workers before the bourgeoisie. He stressed the necessity of fighting against "reactionary and feudal elements," of "giving the peasant movement the most revolutionary character," of fighting "against the tendency to dress with the colours of communism the currents of bourgeois democratic liberation of the backward countries" and of supporting these currents only on condition that the elements of the future proletarian parties were "grouped and educated in the spirit of their particular tasks, tasks of struggle against the bourgeois democratic movements of their own nation"... etc. (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the National and Colonial Questions</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, June 1920). The Chinese Communist Party says the same thing in its letter of June 14, when it declares that the proletarian party of the oppressed peoples "supports progressive nationalism and opposes reactionary nationalism. It must always draw a clear line of demarcation between itself and bourgeois nationalism, to which it must never fall captive."</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">A Single Struggle in a Single World</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">If we have directed our attacks against the expression "Third World," it should be understood that it was not to begin a quarrel of linguists. To accept too easily the term, to introduce it in ordinary language, means to introduce insidiously the idea that the group of countries about which we have spoken constitute a particular entity, a world in themselves, in regards to which the theories and reasoning applied to the group of capitalist coun- tries and to the group of socialist countries as well as their relationship, should be revised, adapted, and more or less adulterated. Unconsciously, this is attacking the universality of Marxist doctrine and the unity of the revolutionary struggle on a world scale. The revolutionary struggles through- out the world only form a whole because the strategy of the international communist movement must start from the overall phenomenon, must study each country and its internal class forces, not as isolated entities, but rather by the specific weight that they have at various moments in the class</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">struggle, within a national and international proletariat. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">A single theory, a single struggle, in a single world, whose present division must not be made permanent, but overcome.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Pierre JALÉE.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></b></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pierre Jalee, “Third World? Which Third World?” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Revolution Africa, Latin America, Asia </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1:7 (November 1963), 3-9.</span></span></b></p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /><br /></span><br /></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-46068629085353557202022-07-13T05:24:00.002-07:002022-07-13T05:25:55.543-07:00Stuart Hall reviews George Lamming's Pleasures of Exile (1960)<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHZcY3GNC8yTMkoM5po_KqaZUcLa7wRs52alNufPJOUHowC5RlUTZuRpFXTT17iMkwE0zh6QRxxjGosAa4lP5MsrzisIjfCwgAI5qy5ozerT3LXDzNljZ8F_HhGtJRwnb-7WvOG8VEAFpK3UA67aosejYKjE2TbExRSPzm2lNSAzY3gU2PMf6Ln6v/s521/pg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="364" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuHZcY3GNC8yTMkoM5po_KqaZUcLa7wRs52alNufPJOUHowC5RlUTZuRpFXTT17iMkwE0zh6QRxxjGosAa4lP5MsrzisIjfCwgAI5qy5ozerT3LXDzNljZ8F_HhGtJRwnb-7WvOG8VEAFpK3UA67aosejYKjE2TbExRSPzm2lNSAzY3gU2PMf6Ln6v/w448-h640/pg.jpg" width="448" /></span></a></div><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Caliban in exile </span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-f775cabb-7fff-4d7f-1652-518edb3c215b"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Pleasure of Exile </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">George Lamming (Michael Joseph, 21s). </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. George Lamming is always just ahead. He is not only the most sensitive and dangerous of the West Indian novelists. He is also one of its most formidable and elusive intellects. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">No West Indian writer would put pen to paper to describe the discovery of his own “Negro-ness” (the French word, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">negritude</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, is better, but there is, significantly, no English equivalent) without first having to write his way round Lamming’s first novel, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In The Castle Of My Skin</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And now here he is with the book every other exile would have written </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">first</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. It is a bloody frustrating experience. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. Lamming moves mostly indirections and allusions. These are sketches of exile, loosely composed in no chronological order, marked off by comments, some of which are deep and moving, some of which are a bit pretentious and innocent. The structure, if there is one, is provided by his developing awareness of the complex relationship between the colonial artist and the metropolitan culture: that is, the history of Lamming’s own sensibility. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A more arbitrary—and less successful—framework is provided by his use of the figures of Prospero and Caliban from Shakespeare’s </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tempest—</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a typical use of poetry to retell the story of colonial enslavement and liberation. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prospero sands for “England abroad”—not the England of wigs and plume-hatted Governors—but the whole process of cultural imperialism which has cut the West Indies off from a meaningful relationship with its African past. Caliban, the unspeakable monster who made a pass at the magician's daughter, the black outcast, is the West Indian writer. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The power of Prospero over this slave is wielded, not by the tyranny of the colonial police, but by the terrible magic of the Gift of Language. Mr. Lamming is Caliban himself, come home at last from over the water, to break the wand. Caliban has the gift of tongues. When he recites, even the ICA quivers. The central chapter of the book is called, “Caliban Orders History.” It is an appropriately ominous note. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But then, the solicitous social worker asks politely, what the hell is Mr. Lamming doing here at all? Why is the flower of Caribbean culture huddled in some frigid bed-sitter in London, W.11? In the first third of his book, with many twists and asides, Mr. Lamming sets out to answer that question. Caliban must capture the citadel of Prospero itself before he can be really free. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. Lamming is only working his way through what he hopes is the last twist of the dialectic: that terrible double relationship which makes the West Indian hate and love English culture in about equal portions. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Behind him lies, not the sunny scenarios of the Caribbean travelogue, but a culture and society bearing upon its face the deep impression of Prospero’s long regime: a culture at once “liberated and Victorian, revering “the great masters of English poetry” and yet deeply philistine, profoundly proletarian in composition and yet rigidly middle-class in character—a “new nation” still as old as colonialism and slavery itself: free—yet still “in chains.” </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is not until he stands in the ghastly amphitheatre of Paddington Station and asks himself the question. “Boy, what the hell you doin’ here any-at-all”? that the whole thing makes sense. “The West Indian writer hungers for nourishment from a soil which he (as an ordinary citizen) could not at present endure.” </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. Lamming </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">might </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">be of the last generation of writers who have to do it this way: but that depends upon what sort of place “that acre of ground in the New World which keeps growing echoes in my head” turns out to be. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The long rambling sections—scenes, sketches, bits of dialogue and reminiscence—are, properly speaking, the first literary commentary of its kind to be written by a West Indian. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The ICA, the catacombs of the BBC’s Colonial Service, Notting Hill, David Pitts campaign in Hampstead, encounters with the English </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">passim</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, are only a few of the incidents which provoke his asides. The approach here is sometimes too fragmentary, but almost all his comments illuminate one or other of the predicaments of the colonial sensibility in exile. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The book turns, however, around a long and rather over-literary analysis of </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Tempest </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and then, for two or three long chapters, gathers—not pace, of which there is too much—but depth. These are the chapters in which Lamming recounts the magnificent story of Toussaint L’Overture, the Haitian revolutionary, and </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">via</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the book, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Black Jacobins</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, engages the most formidable political intellect the West Indies had produced—C.L.R. James. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These chapters lend a kind of oblique historical perspective to the book, and the absence of this elsewhere is a noticeable weakness. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.L.R. James and his protege, Eric Williams, are the political symbols of Lamming’s developing sensibility, and though, elsewhere, he handles the politics of post-colonial countries with a marked naivety, in the analysis of James’s development, and his account of Eric Williams’s “university in the square” in Trinidad, Lamming is on native ground. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the final section, Lamming describes his first visit to Africa. Here the poignancy and dilemma of permanent exile is complete. For Africa is, to him, a wonderful experience, and he is deeply bitten by the “freedom feeling” but he is a traveller in a foreign country. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So that, with an appropriateness which Lamming himself can hardly yet see, the last chapter is the real beginning–himself and Sam Selvon, the first of the “last” emigrants arriving at Waterloo. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Caliban in exile is a pretty resourceful bird. Mr. Lamming—who is not one to miss a final irony—calls the chapter “Journey to an Exception.”</span> </p></span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-f775cabb-7fff-4d7f-1652-518edb3c215b"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stuart Hall </span></p></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tribune </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(London), August 26, 1960, p. 11. </span></b></span></blockquote></blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-f775cabb-7fff-4d7f-1652-518edb3c215b"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-5254824168784767942022-06-25T10:03:00.001-07:002022-06-25T10:56:44.440-07:00Law and Order — Edward Said <p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5T4VcXXddB3JuD2SRx3xsxP1GBjwYzi37-J1Q8SIZr1ylFrNFS7r5UGbM8dNyDov4pMbRgO6oXq0k9vhuUES6RxiN1uAOx4DVspUhvhMun2u3twRrcotlwnAz9W9-JwEB-BGa3sX6PL60hFUMUN4T8jd5HAgkgjaw-DvXjp-80yFE37U6drATX1n/s650/Giuliani%20drawing.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="650" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5T4VcXXddB3JuD2SRx3xsxP1GBjwYzi37-J1Q8SIZr1ylFrNFS7r5UGbM8dNyDov4pMbRgO6oXq0k9vhuUES6RxiN1uAOx4DVspUhvhMun2u3twRrcotlwnAz9W9-JwEB-BGa3sX6PL60hFUMUN4T8jd5HAgkgjaw-DvXjp-80yFE37U6drATX1n/w640-h364/Giuliani%20drawing.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rudy Giuliani by Amiri Baraka (via <a href="https://www.culturalfront.org/2017/04/amiri-baraka-editorial-cartoons-and.html?" target="_blank">Howard Rambsy II</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the past year, New York City has been racked by three major crises involving both the police department and Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, a very right-wing man of extreme as well as volubly expressed views that have frequently landed him in serious trouble with the people he was elected to serve. In the first instance, a Haitian black man, Abner Louima, was apprehended by policemen in Brooklyn, taken to the station for interrogation, and then badly beaten, sodomised with a bottle and subsequently hospitalised with several broken bones, including his jaw. At the criminal trial, the self-confessed police perpetrator of Louima's injuries, one Justin Volpe, was sentenced to thirty years, while his three accomplices were found guilty of obstruction of justice at a later civil trial. The second case was the shooting of an unarmed Guinean, Amadou Diallo, by white policemen who fired 41 bullets at him (of which 19 found their mark) because they said they thought he was armed. They were acquitted, to the whole city's astonishment. The third and in a sense the most inflammatory, thanks to Giuliani's support for the policemen involved, concerned the killing of an unarmed 21-year-old black, Patrick Dorisman, who was shot at his doorstep for no evident reason. Without justification, the mayor had Dorisman's police record -- the young man had been arrested and acquitted for assault and possession of marijuana -- released to the press, as if to justify the man's shooting, even though it was perfectly obvious that the white policemen who did the shooting could have had no prior knowledge of Dorisman's record.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The troubling theme in all three killings is not only that they involved blacks being shot by white policemen, but that Giuliani's sympathies seemed mostly to be for his officers rather than for their victims. In a racially divided society such as this, it is noteworthy that Giuliani's political reputation has been staked from the beginning of his tenure on the fact that New York's image had been that it was a violent, dangerous place (largely because it was known to contain a large non-white population of essentially poor people), an image which his administration has totally changed. It is certainly true that New York has now become one of the safest cities in the country: Giuliani has increased the police budget, he has put thousands more police on the streets and, most significantly, he has promoted harsh measures against the city's undesirables, i.e., the poor, minorities, the homeless, etc. As a result, it has been assumed that anyone not white and middle-class must fear for his or her safety, since the police have been encouraged to arrest or otherwise detain "suspicious" individuals with relative confidence that they will be rewarded rather than punished for their actions. Part of this strategy has been to put white policemen rather provocatively on the streets of Harlem, as if to say to the inhabitants of that section "here we are, whether you like it or not." The Diallo case in particular aroused the black community's ire; and the Dorisman killing, given Giuliani's egregious proclamations in support of the man's execution so to speak, fanned the flames of racial war.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Nor has New York been alone in the matter of police brutality. In Los Angeles, another huge city with a considerable minority population, policemen in the Ramparts area have drawn attention to their brutal methods, not only because of how violent they have been, but also because the media has revealed that in addition to its bullying the police has also engaged in drug-selling and extortion in the supposed discharge of law and order. The American jail system is therefore bursting with great numbers of unjustly persecuted blacks whose "crimes" are dubiously prosecuted by policemen who claim that they are acting on behalf of society to protect the majority from an already down-trodden and long-suffering minority.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Every government allows itself the prerogative of a monopoly on coercion, except that in the United States there is a constitutionally protected right for citizens to bear arms in their own defence. This is why the debate on possession of guns -- which is higher per capita than any place on earth -- is intense, and why also the lurid incidents in which schoolchildren kill each other are so terrifyingly frequent. For a country that preaches against violence and "terrorism" all over the world to be more violent than any other is deeply contradictory. And for elected officials like Giuliani to boast that they are eliminating crime by inciting the police to more, rather than less, violence is a terrible thing. The fact is that ever since the Nixon years the phrase "law and order" has acquired the status of a right-wing slogan. It first appeared during the Chicago Democratic Party convention in 1968, when the riots associated with Vietnam protest were brutally crushed by the Chicago police acting on the principle of law and order. Since that time dissent, debate and protest -- as in Seattle during the November 1999 riots against the World Trade Organisation -- have been opposed by the forces of law and order, as has agitation on behalf of integration, abortion rights, and anti-war protest. The idea is that whatever the government does carries with it the authority of rectitude, so that even abuses such as the killing of unarmed black men can be sanctimoniously ascribed to maintaining law and order.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">In the American context, therefore, "law and order" has to do with an interpretation of law and order that favours the strong, the wealthy, the conservative currents in society, whether those happen to be in office or not. This is perfectly evident during debates while the presidential election campaign is in course: George Bush Jr is the law and order candidate, Al Gore is not. The notion is at bottom that the police is there to protect vested interests in the society and to make sure that social change occurs very slowly, if at all. This is why struggling minorities in particular associate the police with the blocking of their march towards equality and economic advancement.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">In non-democratic societies such as those in much of the Third World, the police is also associated with the notion of law and order, except that law and order is a phrase implying the defence of the government, which would otherwise fall were it not for its battalions of policemen, republican guards, presidential security and so on. This is very much the case in the Arab world where as long as I can remember the police -- except for the lowly traffic policeman -- is immediately identified in the popular mind with interrogation, torture, unjust detention, surveillance, spying and cruelty. Think of the fear struck in one's mind as one faces a security official at the airport: this is no bureaucratic experience but rather a confrontation with the regime itself. It is highly significant that in most Arab countries the principal symbol of ruthless efficiency is not the tax collector or the legal system, but the security apparatus. Who has the most up-to-date cars, telephones, arms, and who is the best-dressed, the most spoiled and pampered? It is always the security teams whose main job is to guarantee the ruler's life, his regime and its interests, regardless of whether those happen to coincide with the interests of the population or not. There is no appeal for the average individual if he or she is picked up and taken to jail for "questioning." The whole idea imparted to citizens of so many of our "democratic" or "revolutionary" republics (and certainly of the monarchies) is that the police is there to strike fear in everyone in order to deter attempts against the regimes, rather than to protect the interests of a favoured segment of the population. But whereas in a democracy it is possible to change the administration and its methods through election, in our case we have no such option.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The result has been that terror has replaced the idea of law and order, terror that can be visited on the wayward or inattentive citizen. Armies, by the same token, are not necessarily there to fight against the enemy (despite the vast amounts spent on munitions, air forces, and heavy, mostly unusable artillery) but rather to confront the population should it entertain plans for democratic change, and of course to provide commission agents with handsome profits from arms sales. In the end, it is sadly the case that an objective alliance has grown to connect many non-Western security forces with those of the United States, where paradoxically the same distorted situation does not in fact obtain, and the police is subject to the law as well as citizens' review boards, elections, and so on.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">The key to police brutality wherever it occurs is citizenship, the notion that all citizens of a society, including the police and security forces, are entitled to the same privileges and obligations subject to constant revision and re-interpretation. Political discourse in the Arab world has been so wrapped up in matters of security having to do with outside enemies (Israel, imperialism, etc.) that no attention has been given to the lamentable absence of real democratic processes inside our societies. Everything in those societies has suffered as a result, from education, to the legal system, to intellectual culture, to civil and political institutions. As every day goes by the situation worsens and for reasons that should make each of us profoundly ashamed the Arab world is the only part of the globe to appear as if it existed outside time and space in the ordinary sense. I said in an earlier article here, Godot will not come and it is no use waiting for a saviour. The problem of law and order, like all other problems, is one of our own making, and its only solution must be ours as well.</span></span></p></blockquote><p><b><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Edward Said, "Law and Order," <i>Al-Ahram Weekly </i>(6 – 12 April, 2000). Archived <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060121042609/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/476/op1.htm" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></b></p><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-ec0944bb-7fff-5263-f027-21b6f42f1ba6"><br /></span></p>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-16557741330190132342022-03-09T18:35:00.002-08:002022-04-27T10:21:10.546-07:00Aijaz Ahmad (1941 – 2022)<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIySY9CoErNS5ZKsdS9j5wq06O5i_YDje2pw8DmX8uPYwXiIpPGJ_IhmFL8YtKTQq7r-50UpLSxAFvI79R8KTQ9w7MvnIIu7M2hrKIUYWonWw1Kfw6IoYqixtVVMBkAK7NNBjy4ZoY8K35WrZHsXE5JotTcGYlHoDJ4Ve5VsuJX6YwgjkXDPySLD93/s2486/Aijaz.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2486" data-original-width="1616" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIySY9CoErNS5ZKsdS9j5wq06O5i_YDje2pw8DmX8uPYwXiIpPGJ_IhmFL8YtKTQq7r-50UpLSxAFvI79R8KTQ9w7MvnIIu7M2hrKIUYWonWw1Kfw6IoYqixtVVMBkAK7NNBjy4ZoY8K35WrZHsXE5JotTcGYlHoDJ4Ve5VsuJX6YwgjkXDPySLD93/w416-h640/Aijaz.png" width="416" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A young Aijaz. </td></tr></tbody></table><span id="docs-internal-guid-73c78904-7fff-88b8-525c-a985bbdd89e4"><br /><br /><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab; font-size: medium;"><b>Known better for his interventions in literary theory and his translations of Ghalib, in the late 1960s, Aijaz Ahmad was an instructor in (and, briefly, the director of) CUNY's storied and sometimes embattled SEEK (Search for Education, Elevation, and Knowledge) Program, alongside Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, June Jordan and other radicals.</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">****</div><span><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Boston: March 28th. After living in America for more than two years I came into this city for the first time, expecting the lethargy, the chaos, the narrow streets, and the sort of stringent despair, the old-fashioned endurance I have known in other old cities: Delhi, Lahore, Lucknow. But what I find is a confrontation of ages: the new building over the old, and not building so well: the whole city is torn up, ripped apart. In the shadow of an insurance tower which is the pride of new Boston and looms over the old like a monstrous dinosaur, the hotel is antiseptic, labyrinthine, packed with university professors who, over the next couple of days, will dissect and counter dissect Asia like a frog; it is made of plastic, neons and concrete; the air-conditioned, crowded, ventilated, sound-proofed halls are so clean I am quite sure no one can catch a virus there, or find real water to drink. The paper I am to read is part of what I am told are celebrations of Ghalib' s centenary within this huge conference. A ceremony within a larger, uninspired, career-oriented ceremony of scholarship. Professors clean-cut like boy scouts. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I am apprehensive. Not so much </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">about the fate of my own paper as about what these celebrations, to be </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">stretched over the next year and a half, may portend for Urdu language and </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">literature. In a macabre moment of doubt typical of a foreigner, I wonder: is the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">ghazal, like the haiku, also fated to be a favourite form of poetry among </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">midwestern housewives? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I marvel at the twenty minutes </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">during which my voice manages to remain steady as I drone on about the art of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">translation, about Ghalib, about the hunger I found among American poets to</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">meet a fellow-creature like Ghalib. As I sink back into my chair with relative </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">fatigue and a taste of ashes in my mouth, the professorial onslaught begins. Of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">all varieties: American, Indian, German, male and female. The observation which </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">has enraged them so much is, to my mind, rather a simple one: “Poetry is meant, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">first, for the reader who cares for poetry; second, for the poet who practices </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">the craft; and, only lastly, for the scholar.” Immediately a cry is raised: "The</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">scholars have to defend themselves.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">No one talks about poetry, or </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ghalib, or what poetry means to the age, what poetry means to other poets. They </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">talk about credentials, about academic positions and foreign tours, about the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">intricacies of grammar. I stop listening, and think, instead, of the role of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">the contemporary university in our lives, of my students in New York who are </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">risking their careers even at this moment in protesting against an educational </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">system they find oppressive and obsolete, of Black students across America who </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">are trying to deal with history, which is to say their own lives. I think in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">particular of a student, again Black, who told me that he thought ‘The Rainbow’ </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">was a political novel because it taught him how to treat other human beings. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Love, politics, or literature, it comes to the same thing: poetry happens </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">wherever men suffer and posit their humanity against their suffering. Viet Nam, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harlem, the Delhi of 1857. LeRoi and Ghalib. You hold out your hand and you </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">tell another person what you are going through: that is the final poem. Poem of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">reality, as Stevens might have said. And Paul Goodman: poets write poetry in</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">order to survive. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the shrill tirade drones to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">an end, my mind is beginning to clear again and I return to Ghalib.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-0baafd7e-7fff-1dba-853f-ff7aa180c576"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>— Aijaz Ahmad <a href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/mahfil/pager.html?volume=5&objectid=PK5461.A1M2_5_4_065.gif" target="_blank">(1969)</a></b></span></span></p></span></div></div></div>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-13342588086981203422022-02-18T06:39:00.002-08:002022-02-18T11:24:45.388-08:00 Empire as a Way of Life (C.L.R. James, 1933) <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8bYLj69V_EF39Yr5CifwSnOr2jefTHc_OaQFAJozmYefq6WxZ77VT1e8HoHgyZVuWiBeev4amETZFuXEy1vesau_AKXh1si6Gtw71-w9la0-zEC-IrWg_sSCJvnxuL44FeOUyJ1UK6BHCOupCECWk2eSd3xji41AHKASZ-E9-LDbwZKycz10ewbb5=s3584" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2178" data-original-width="3584" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8bYLj69V_EF39Yr5CifwSnOr2jefTHc_OaQFAJozmYefq6WxZ77VT1e8HoHgyZVuWiBeev4amETZFuXEy1vesau_AKXh1si6Gtw71-w9la0-zEC-IrWg_sSCJvnxuL44FeOUyJ1UK6BHCOupCECWk2eSd3xji41AHKASZ-E9-LDbwZKycz10ewbb5=w640-h388" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Some nineteenth-century governors of Trinidad, John or Arthur or some such. <br />All them served the British elsewhere in Africa or Asia before or after their West Indian careers. </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Into this community comes the Englishman to govern, fortified (sometimes) by university degrees; and of late years by a wide experience in dealing with primitive peoples in Africa. </span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-324d3c2c-7fff-5d08-cf7d-429eefe5370b"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">His antecedents have not been helpful. Bourgeois at home, he has found himself after a few weeks at sea suddenly exalted into membership of a ruling class. Empire to him and most of his type, formerly but a word, becomes on his advent to the colonies a phrase charged with responsibilities, but bearing in its train the most delightful privileges, beneficial to his material well-being and flattering to his pride. Being an Englishman and accustomed to think well of himself, in this new position he soon develops a powerful conviction of his own importance in the scheme of things and it does not take him long to convince himself not only that he can do his work well—which to do him justice, he quite often does— but that for many generations to come none but he and his type can ever hope to do the work they are doing. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On his arrival in the West Indies he experiences a shock. Here is a thoroughly civilised community, wearing the same clothes that he does, speaking no other language but his own, with its best men as good as, and only too often, better than himself. What is the effect on the colonial Englishman when he recognises, as he has to recognise, the quality of those over whom he is placed in authority? Men have to justify themselves, and he falls heavily back on the “ability of the Anglo- Saxon to govern,” “the trusteeship of the mother country until such time” (always in the distant future) “as these colonies can stand by themselves,” etc., etc. He owes his place to a system, and the system thereby becomes sacred. Blackstone did not worship the corrupt pre- Reform constitution as the Colonial Office official worships the system of Crown Colony Government. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">“Patriotism,” says Johnson, “is the last refuge of a scoundrel.” It is the first resort of the colonial Englishman. How he leaps to attention at the first bars of “God Save the King”! Empire Day, King’s Birthday, days not so much neglected in England as ignored, give to his thirsty spirit an opportunity to sing the praises of the British Empire and of England, his own country, as its centre. Never does he seem to remember that the native place of the majority of those to whom he addresses his wearisome panegyrics is not England, but the colony in which they were born, in which they live, and in which they will in all probability die. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">This excessive and vocal patriotism in the colonial Englishman is but the natural smoke of intensified fires burning within. That snobbishness which is so marked a characteristic of the Englishman at home, in the colonies develops into a morbid desire for the respect and homage of those over whom he rules. Uneasily conscious of the moral insecurity of his position, he is further handicapped by finding himself an aristocrat without having been trained as one. His nose for what he considers derogatory to his dignity becomes keener than a bloodhound’s, which leads him into the most frightful solecisms.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In Grenada in 1931 there was a very orderly demonstration by all classes of the community against a decision of the Governor. One man who with his family had been invited to Government House for some social function took part in it. The Governor cancelled the invitation, but informed him that the cancellation did not apply to his wife and daughter who could come if they wanted to. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is not surprising that the famous English tolerance leaves him almost entirely. At home he was distinguished for the liberality and freedom of his views. Hampden, Chatham, Dunning and Fox, Magna Carta and Bill of Rights, these are the persons and things (however misconceived) which Englishmen, undemonstrative as they are, write and speak of with a subdued but conscious pride. It is no accident, the Whig tradition in English historical writing. But in the colonies any man who speaks for his country, any man who dares to question the authority of those who rule over him, any man who tries to do for his own people what Englishmen are so proud that other Englishmen have done for theirs, immediately becomes in the eyes of the colonial Englishman a dangerous person, a wild revolutionary, a man with no respect for law and order, a self-seeker actuated by the lowest motives, a reptile to be crushed at the first opportunity. What at home is the greatest virtue becomes in the colonies the greatest crime. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The colonial Englishman it is fair to say retains some of the admirable characteristics which distinguish his race at home, but he is in a false position. Each succeeding year sees local men pressing him on every side, men whom he knows are under no illusions as to why he holds the places he does. Pressure reduces him to dodging and shifting. Thus it is that even of that honesty which is so well-recognised a characteristic of the English people,— but I shall let an Englishman speak: “It is difficult,” says Mr. Somervell, the historian, “for white races to preserve their moral standards in their dealings with races they regard as inferior.” Should Englishmen of fine sensibility stray into the Colonial Service they find themselves drawn inevitably into the circle of their colleagues and soon discover that for them to do otherwise than the Romans would be equivalent to joining a body of outsiders against their own. Thus it is that in the colonies, to quote an English official in the West Indies, “such large and intelligent classes of Englishmen come to have opinions so diff erent from those for which the nation has ever been renowned at home.”</span></span></p></span></blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-324d3c2c-7fff-5d08-cf7d-429eefe5370b"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.L.R. James, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Case for West-Indian Self Government </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(London: Hogarth Press, 1932), 10-12. <a href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34468/GIPE-012100-13.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y">PDF.</a> </span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-37283101936130794912022-02-11T08:56:00.002-08:002022-02-11T08:56:28.395-08:00Disaster Areas<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXioJ3ch-18bLZjMwhqrF8SbshT92KjU0X3kppZz5DcWSI4i7uUzHmTPcZ-hv7LOc5OdUlRDIc8OsCKRmN26vgJl7iLqnGbHyykY-18G1F9Xsf2ykdtuOVvmJEXCKCwjVA8QDFCzOMSzURQeHrpoTc3_NUJ4BIhBDZfuKLkT39a_fpJ-wGjiO-EEbd=s1505" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1505" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXioJ3ch-18bLZjMwhqrF8SbshT92KjU0X3kppZz5DcWSI4i7uUzHmTPcZ-hv7LOc5OdUlRDIc8OsCKRmN26vgJl7iLqnGbHyykY-18G1F9Xsf2ykdtuOVvmJEXCKCwjVA8QDFCzOMSzURQeHrpoTc3_NUJ4BIhBDZfuKLkT39a_fpJ-wGjiO-EEbd=w510-h640" width="510" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Above Vietnam</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>So area studies has been a disaster area in many ways. </span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-35154d82-7fff-d99c-cdb8-294086dd8a80"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— Eqbal Ahmad, "Knowledge, Place, and Power: A Critique of Globalization,”</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Ali Mirsepassi, Amrita Basu and Frederick Weaver eds. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Localizing Knowledge Ìn a Globalizing World: Recasting the Area Studies Debate</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2003). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Bill Brown of Boston," </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">West Africa</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, no. 1929, February 13, 1954, p. 125; no. 1930, February 20, 1954, p. 166. The anonymous "American Correspondent" of this biographical article notes that Dr. Brown lectured at Howard University. During the war he entered the State Department where he eventually succeeded Ralph Bunche as chief of the African Section of the Office of Strategic Affairs. He later headed the African Research Branch of the State Department. Brown left the Department of State in 1953 when the Ford Foundation offered him an appointment as consultant, involving a study trip to Europe and Africa. Upon his return from Africa, he accepted the post at Boston University. The Program at the start was entirely supported by Boston University, "but it is hoped that they will be supplemented by foundation grants." The Ford Foundation in November, 1954, made a substantial grant to the Program. One of the Program's faculty members is already engaged in a study of African students in the United States under the auspices of the Program and with partial financial support from the Twentieth Century Fund. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">American Sociological Review</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, XIX, 1954, p. 604. "The Anonymous Correspondent'' adds the following: "It is somewhat surprising to see in a sedate street in Boston, a pleasant New England (U. S. A.) town, an office housing an 'African Research and Studies Program'' Vaguely one feels that there can be little connection with far off Africa. But America is very conscious of her lack of knowledge of other continents. Her sudden emergence as the leading world power made her realize this and everywhere there are springing up groups concerned with areas very remote, both culturally and geographically, from America. So Boston University decided to establish an African Research and Study Program...." This "little connection with far off Africa" goes back, of course, a long way, to colonial times and the slave trade. This basis of New England colonial development has been amply documented. Less known, however, is the direct relationship of New England not only to the slave trade encompassing primarily West Africa, but also that of commercial relations with East Africa. To this day the dining room of the main hotel in Salem is called the "Zanzibar Room."</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">— Jerome S. Rauch, "Area Institute Programs and African Studies,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Journal of Negro Education</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 1955 p. 418-419, note 49. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The late Jerome Rauch’s experiences during the 1950s illustrate the sort of troubles that befell anthropologists who critiqued disciplinary connections to the national security state. Rauch’s experiences are worth recounting, first, to acknowledge that there are many more victims of McCarthyism than could ever be established through a search of archives or record systems and, second, to stress how the fears of McCarthyism repressed the development of specific voices.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In the late 1940s Rauch began studying anthropology at Columbia University where he undertook fieldwork in the Mortlock Islands (aaanb 1947 1[2]:16). Rauch took graduate courses with Kardiner, Strong, Benedict,Wagley, Weltfish, and Steward. He was active in the Columbia chapter of the American Veterans Committee, the Henry Wallace campaign, and the campus Marxist Club (Julie Rauch to Price 7/7/01). Things went well for Rauch until 1955 when he published an essay in the Journal of Negro Education, titled ‘‘Area Institute Programs and African Studies.’’ This article developed a sophisticated, radical critique of the social sciences’ ties with governmental agencies. Rauch critically analyzed how increased funding for area study centers caused these centers to think in specific ways and to ask questions with applications to the military and diplomatic interests of the Cold War. With frankness and detail Rauch argued that relationships between funding patrons and client anthropologists ‘‘transformed academic research into applied science, and reconfigured social research into ideology’’ (Rauch to Price 2/22/01). Rauch observed that there was a ‘‘configuration of government and business interest[s]’’ that could be seen in the mixture of governmental policy agencies (e.g., State Department, Foreign Service Institute, etc.), intelligence agencies (e.g., Office of Intelligence Research, Office of Naval Intelligence, etc.), military (e.g., National War College, U.S. Air Force, etc.), private foundations (e.g.,Viking Fund, Rockefeller Foundation, etc.), and private industry (e.g., Standard Oil, etc.) directing research funding opportunities and research agendas for anthropology (Rauch 1955:415–16).</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Rauch directly experienced negative consequences for his analysis of the ‘‘subordination of area research to government and business policy’’ (1955: 415). After publishing this critique, Rauch was given a Cold War cold shoulder by many in Columbia’s anthropology department. Decades later he recalled that after publishing his impolite study he was taken aside by ‘‘Julian Steward, [who] told me that I was unemployable, and trying to face reality, I enrolled in library school’’ (Rauch to Price 12/13/00). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Rauch was not bitter about this unwanted career change. He lived a productive life outside of anthropology working with W. E. B. Du Bois on the Council on African American Affairs, researching the history of the Caribbean slave trade, assisting the Maryland Legislative Black Caucus, and working as an applications programmer at the Oncology Institute of Johns Hopkins Hospital (Rauch to Price 12/13/00). But the culling of Rauch from anthropology not only curtailed the development of his line of critical research, it limited the audience who would encounter his critique and it sent a message to other anthropologists that such frank analyses could detrimentally affect one’s career.</span></span></p></blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">David H. Price, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Durham: Duke, 2004), 346-347.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">… the Ford Foundation, in close consultation with the CIA, helped to shape postwar area studies and important collaborative research in modernization studies and comparative politics that were later mediated through well known Social Science Research Council projects (ones that were required reading when I was a graduate student in the late 1960s). According to Christopher Simpson's study of declassified materials, however, this interweaving of foundations, universities, and state agencies (mainly in intelligence and the military) extended to the social sciences as a whole: "For years, government money .. . not always publicly acknowledged as such—made up more than 75 per cent of the annual budgets of institutions such as Paul Lazarsfeld's Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University, Hadley Cantril's Institute for International Social Programs at Princeton, Ithiel de Sola Pool's CENIS [the Center for International Studies, earlier known as CIS] program at MIT, and others." Official sources in 1952 reported that "fully 96 per cent of all reported [government] funding for social sciences at that time was drawn from the U.S. military." My own work in postwar U.S. archives over the past two decades has taught me how many books central to the political science profession in the 1950s and 1960s emerged first as internal classified government studies. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bruce Cumings, “Boundary Displacement: Area studies and International Studies During and After the Cold War,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">29 (1997), 15.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiH8BBZgr_Dr7ArDx9gYx18w60iwz5htoQQAoCwQh9bFqgpLs_Wb-O2NMUnG9z7IdWmhUgvmokaPzbGoN2-LUmffFO_rKzwuYED6A0LapxgGY_x_OeIE14aHDsuDpOr5TP94bFi9h8zB-iv8WGnLT7hy4PEpR3Yx50ic4L2vczCBmW5V6PKbMo_9fXe=s2147" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2147" data-original-width="2000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiH8BBZgr_Dr7ArDx9gYx18w60iwz5htoQQAoCwQh9bFqgpLs_Wb-O2NMUnG9z7IdWmhUgvmokaPzbGoN2-LUmffFO_rKzwuYED6A0LapxgGY_x_OeIE14aHDsuDpOr5TP94bFi9h8zB-iv8WGnLT7hy4PEpR3Yx50ic4L2vczCBmW5V6PKbMo_9fXe=w596-h640" width="596" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Above Iraq</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Such a shifting in the focus of history can only be regarded as a long process. It would require an intensive effort for making available to the historian the type of historical information needed for these studies: literary sources, manuscripts and documents (many of them still buried in remote libraries), the study of folk traditions, physical objects, field studies, etc. It would also require the development of the necessary academic infrastructure in the countries concerned, for experience has shown that where the study of societies with living cultural traditions is concerned, the perception of its </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ethos</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and inter-connections requires a very long period of training for persons not born and reared within it. Even the development of “area studies” in many of the Western countries can play only a limited role in this process. For one, many of the area studies programmes in these countries have a heavy presentist bias, being dependent for their finances upon government and/or private foundations, and geared to fulfill certain political or business purposes. Secondly, within these countries, area studies are often considered peripheral to the study of history by the university departments. In consequence, they sometimes fail to attract the right type of student or researcher, thereby further strengthening the ethnocentric bias in history. To an extent area studies programmes have tended to perpetuate the notion that Afro-Asian countries are “patients” in the field of history, and that the history written by the historians of the area are somehow inferior, being tainted by the “nationalist” bias, whereas it is presumed that the writings of historians from metropolitan countries, i.e. the former colonising powers would be free from the “Imperialist” bias. This tendency to attempt to continue the colonial situation in the field of history in the name of the centre and the periphery is bound to have harmful repercussions.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Satish Chandra, "A Note On the Decentring of History and Apprehension By All People of Their History," </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diogenes </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20:77 (1972), 103.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The career entry barrier is first and foremost, language. If philologists no longer dominate area programs (then called ‘Oriental studies’, something also pioneered in the United States at the University of Chicago) as they once did, few Japanologists will pay attention to the work of someone who cannot read Japanese. If people in a large region of the world speak the same language—for example, Spanish in most of Latin America—then a Latin American studies programme will include everything south of the Rio Grande. If it is a region like Northeast or Southeast Asia, however, where there is no common language in the past century, ‘area’ will usually mean country. The field of Korean studies makes this generalization clearest: in spite of Korea’s two-millennium-long history of interaction with Japan and China, to be in ‘Korean studies’ is to study Korea and not China or Japan. (When I applied to a Northeast Asia committee for research funding to study the regional political economy, one Japanologist on the committee asked if I were ‘changing my field’.) To study China or Japan is to assume that one need know little or nothing about Korea: my experiences in this regard could easily fill a book, but we need only look at one book, Peter Duus’s </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abacus and the Sword</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, to see the prefatory assumption that because he cannot read Korean, he must limit his study of Japanese imperialism in Korea to Japanese materials. The implicit assumption appears also to be that lack of Korean-language facility maims one in understanding the scholarship of Koreanists done in English, which is the only explanation I can come up with, of why Duus made so little use of the seminal studies of late-nineteenth century Korea by James B. Palais, Key-Hiuk Kim, Martina Deuchler, and others. That is, without climbing over the language barrier one ought not to venture into alien territory—however close (in every sense) it might be. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bruce Cumings, “Seeing Like an Area Specialist,” in John D. Kelly, Kurt Jacobsen, Marston H. Morgan, eds., </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reconsidering American Power: Pax Americana and the Social Sciences </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2020), 92-93. </span></span></p></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-80846590117690934792022-01-14T07:25:00.001-08:002022-01-14T07:25:34.011-08:00Three Quotations from C.L.R. James <p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Lora,serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0cLCjUfqVowWoIPaPWfWfYvtuDA1XHjWlW8OORLCcqjGCpNPF647n_b8jDlmdcM-RFpTNqx1UKJQ9c24iccoy9DmAD93BWz2sPy5vrFiQJvAyq4tJ80E_DojNa5zVENq4fmJbtik1t_efnrXGLN4pFZ_syzOBwl9DDCk5DGX1JVs5UYF0tNuHYWSe=s2000" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="1408" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0cLCjUfqVowWoIPaPWfWfYvtuDA1XHjWlW8OORLCcqjGCpNPF647n_b8jDlmdcM-RFpTNqx1UKJQ9c24iccoy9DmAD93BWz2sPy5vrFiQJvAyq4tJ80E_DojNa5zVENq4fmJbtik1t_efnrXGLN4pFZ_syzOBwl9DDCk5DGX1JVs5UYF0tNuHYWSe=w450-h640" width="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: x-small;">C.L.R. James (1946)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br />"The intellectual loves to show the class struggle acting on other people. He hates like hell for it to be applied to himself." <a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1941/06/finlandstation.htm" target="_blank">(1941)</a></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">"The interpretation of history is a class question." <a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1943/07/hook.htm " target="_blank">(1943)</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">"The masses do not learn history, they make it. More accurately, they learn it only when they make it." </span><a href=" https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1944/07/one-world.htm " style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">(1944)</a></span></p></blockquote><p><a href=" https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1944/07/one-world.htm " style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank"></a></p>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-13009516390622752302021-11-24T07:08:00.008-08:002021-11-24T17:22:44.160-08:00Syllabus: Transnational Asian Thought (2021)<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Roboto Slab", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">I have been teaching this course for the last few months. The readings could use some tweaks no doubt, and pandemic conditions remain an impediment, but it was fun. This course is a senior-level, discussion based seminar which culminates in a final research project. The "optional" readings below were listed to help guide students to different kinds of readings and topics as they prepared their final projects.The dearth of translated material—especially of twentieth-century Arabic materials—is a major challenge in teaching a course like this, but there is nevertheless a great deal I could have included which I did not. I have simply posted the reading schedule below, leaving out the assignments and the bureaucratic paratext.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Roboto Slab", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvY8jrERj0STa9TfZ6UIyFbPco_4ORDsB86WaAKU1th3KnDyZW0HD0rbpE8bOsHrAd0oglyGzsDcwmhvtd8a_b9ET4yWjlCAtbfteJZ89YEsIzy-MTejq30ZMODAZ8Q-KpzwASDhEnFOU/s1200/EoTUVDvXYAIyNVq.jpeg" style="font-family: "Roboto Slab"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1200" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvY8jrERj0STa9TfZ6UIyFbPco_4ORDsB86WaAKU1th3KnDyZW0HD0rbpE8bOsHrAd0oglyGzsDcwmhvtd8a_b9ET4yWjlCAtbfteJZ89YEsIzy-MTejq30ZMODAZ8Q-KpzwASDhEnFOU/w640-h468/EoTUVDvXYAIyNVq.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div></div><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">The first congress of representatives of the peoples of the East loudly proclaims to the whole world. To the capitalist rulers of Britain: This shall not be! You dogs will not devious the peoples of the east. You, a wretched handful of oppressors, will not reduce to everlasting serfdom hundred of millions of Eastern workers and peasants. You have bitten off too big a piece, more than you can chew, and it will choke you! </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"> — Manifesto to the Peoples of the East (1920)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 17pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 17pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">Schedule</span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-29ebcf1f-7fff-c42c-fc92-25c6fa76e261"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 1 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Introduction: History, the library, the internet </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">I. Frameworks and Guides</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 2 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">What is Asia? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “One Asia, or Many? Reflections From Connected History,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Modern Asian Studies </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50:1 (2016), 5-43. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabindranath Tagore, “Asia’s Response to the Call of the New Age,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Modern Review </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">52:4 (1932), 369-373.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 3 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">What’s the point of Transnational Asian Thought? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Milinda Banerjee, Decolonize Intellectual History! An Agenda for the Capitalocene </span><a href="https://jhiblog.org/2021/05/19/decolonize-intellectual-history/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://jhiblog.org/2021/05/19/decolonize-intellectual-history/</span></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Loubna El Amine, "Beyond East and West: A reorientation of political theory through the prism of modernity," </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perspectives on Politics </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(March 2016).</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Optional: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Raymond Williams, “Intellectual” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Keywords </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1976)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 4 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Comparison vs. Connection </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.A. Bayly, “Indian and Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age,” Hanssen and Weiss,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Arabic Thought Beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2016)</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 325-350. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Noor-Aiman Khan, “A Tale of Two Nationalisms,” in </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Egyptian-Indian Nationalist Collaboration and the British Empire </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2011), 13-31. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Optional</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “Global Intellectual History Beyond Hegel or Marx,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">History and Theory </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">54:1 (2015), 126-137. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">II. The Content and Conditions of Thought</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 5 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Travel and the Limits of Asia </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from Yosano Akiko, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Travels in Manchuria and Mongolia: A Feminist Poet from Japan Encounters Prewar China </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1928)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Optional:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from: Shibli Nu’mani, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turkey, Egypt, and Syria: A Travelogue </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1897) translated by Gregory Maxwell Bruce. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mariusz Kałczewiak, “Anticolonial Orientalism: Perets Hirshbeyn’s Indian Travelogue,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (July 2019) </span><a href="https://ingeveb.org/articles/anticolonial-orientalism" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://ingeveb.org/articles/anticolonial-orientalism</span></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabindranath Tagore, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journey to Persia and Iraq, 1932</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"> </span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 6 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Asia Against Europe I</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Benoy Sarkar, “The Futurism of Young Asia,” (1918). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Nguyen Thuong Hien, “Tearful Conversation over the Mulberry Fields and the Sea,” (1912 or 1913) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Optional:</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"> </span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Manu Goswami, “Imaginary Futures and Colonial Internationalisms,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">American Historical Review</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 117:5 ( 2012), pp. 1461-1485</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">David G. Marr, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885-1925 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1980)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nicole CuUnjieng Aboitiz, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asian Place, Filipino Nation A Global Intellectual History of the Philippine Revolution, 1887–1912 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2020)</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 7 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Asia Against Europe II</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebecca Karl, “Creating Asia: China in the World at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">American Historical Review </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vol. 103, No. 4 (Oct., 1998), pp. 1096-1118.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Optional</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tansen Sen and Brian Tsui, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beyond Pan-Asianism Connecting China and India, 1840s-1960s </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2021)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Benedict Anderson, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-colonial Imagination </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2005) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunil Amrith, “Gazing at the Stars,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">History Workshop Journal </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2008)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 8 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">“Eastern Women” </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hi-Yen Zhen, “On the Question of Women’s Liberation” and “On Feminist Antimilitarism,” in Liu, Karl, and Ko, eds., </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Birth of Chinese Feminism </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">53-71; 167-184. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"> </span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Optional:</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shobna Nijhawan, “International Feminism from an Asian Center: The All-Asian Women’s Conference (Lahore, 1931) as a Transnational Feminist Moment,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journal of Women's History </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">29:3 (2017), 12-36. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Anup Grewal, “Transnational Socialist Imaginary and the Proletarian Woman in China,” <i>CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture </i>15.2 (2013): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.2218></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 9 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Asian Communism </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nergis Ertürk, “Baku Literary Common,” (2014) </span><a href="https://stateofthediscipline.acla.org/entry/baku-literary-common" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://stateofthediscipline.acla.org/entry/baku-literary-common</span></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from Riddel, ed., </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To See the Dawn: Baku, 1920–First Congress of the Peoples of the East </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1993). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">M.P.T. Acharya, “Anarchist Manifesto,” (1926) in <i>We Are Anarchists </i>(2019), edited by Ole Birk Laursen.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Optional:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ole Birk Laursen, “'I have only One Country, it is the World': Madame Cama, Anticolonialism, and Indian-Russian Revolutionary Networks in Paris, 1907–17,” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">History Workshop Journal </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2021) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 10 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Asia Abroad </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from: Har Dayal, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Forty-four Months in Germany and Turkey </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1920) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selections from the newspaper </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The United States of India </span><a href="https://www.saada.org/browse/source/the-united-states-of-india" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.saada.org/browse/source/the-united-states-of-india</span></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Michael Goebel, “Learning and Imparting Lessons in Anti-Imperialism: Students in the Latin Quarter,” in </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anti-Imperial Metropolis Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2015), 116-136. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Optional: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mai Ramnath, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Haj to Utopia How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2011) </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renisa Mawani, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Across Oceans of Law: The Komagata Maru and Jurisdiction in the Time of Empire </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2018)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 11 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Asia’s Last Stand? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">G.H. Jansen, “Dawn: The Asian Relations Conference, New Delhi, March 1947,” in </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1966), 51-75</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Optional:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carolien Stolte and Harald Fischer-Tiné, “Imagining Asia in India: Nationalism and Internationalism (ca. 1905–1940),” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comparative Studies in Society and History </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">54:1 (2012)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><br /><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Week 12 </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;">Presentations </span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-2778849845932649982021-10-23T07:59:00.000-07:002021-10-23T07:59:08.162-07:00Etel Adnan contra the Kataeb <p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgB1GohcUWZnoqwkY2Iss8IcWu8p9wBuUonnBvzOWSb79UGv9z85G57L2QEZe2p9sVqpGmWsWHuAWhzOGv6FQxbt6KUATYH3GDHhe-_lGOVUbUrQ0l_x4a-t2U61q2Y_AoUDPITnrFKo/s2048/IMG_2974.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1307" data-original-width="2048" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgB1GohcUWZnoqwkY2Iss8IcWu8p9wBuUonnBvzOWSb79UGv9z85G57L2QEZe2p9sVqpGmWsWHuAWhzOGv6FQxbt6KUATYH3GDHhe-_lGOVUbUrQ0l_x4a-t2U61q2Y_AoUDPITnrFKo/w640-h408/IMG_2974.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br />Dear Editor,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-d32045aa-7fff-9b2f-0645-0b4f5ea5fe6f"><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Being a Lebanese whose father was a Moslem and mother a Christian, I feel I can express a few ideas in relation to Mr Saab's article in Forum's December issue.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">I cannot explain how Mr Saab states so positively that "Arab nationalism had to have recourse to the most retrograde . . . instrument: Islam." It is unbecoming, to say the least, to call Islam, which is a great religion with a tremendous mystical literature and a great history, "retrograde" because some Moslems might be retrograde. Would Mr Saab accept the accusation that Christianity is backward because some Christians are fanatics? Nowadays, with the free world adopting more and more socialistic measures, the only absolute difference between the communists and us is religion. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">When Mr Saab states "that our immediate survival depends on the eternal duel between Baghdad and Cairo," is he aware that any lasting conflict between the Arab states will only harm all of us and eventually serve only Israel's expansion? </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It does not take "a selection of eight or ten thinkers at a maximum" to save Lebanon, or any other country. There were thousands of them in France who rather helped the country to sink until De Gaulle put some order in the house. And De Gaulle did not turn French Catholics against French Protestants, or did not rely on any "eternal conflict." He spoke of the unity of France, even if France has been composed of Basques, Spaniards, Corsican Italians, Germans </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the Frankish invasions, Latins of Julius Caesar and all the immigrants who keep pouring in.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">It is not Emmanuel Mounier who is going to save us, although he may be able to influence us for the best. But Mounier takes off from problems or situations which are typically French. If we want to be saved, spiritually as well as materially, we have to find solutions which answer our specifically Middle Eastern situation. And the only inspiration I see is in the message of Love, given by Christ, and the spirit of Charity and Tolerance which characterizes Islam.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">ETHEL [sic] ADNAN</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Instructor in French and the Humanities</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">Dominican College</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;">San Rafael, California.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /></span></span></p></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><span><p style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><i style="color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Middle East Forum </i><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">36:2 (</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">February</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1960). Adnan is responding to a deeply </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">chauvinistic</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> article by Edouard Saab "Lebanon and the UAE-Iraq Conflict," <i>Middle East Forum </i>35:10 (December 1959), 15-17. </span></span></span></span></p></span></blockquote><span><br /></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-43917170593611997602021-08-30T07:10:00.003-07:002021-08-30T08:50:50.030-07:00Saleem Kidwai (1951 – 2021) <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgza3PKapVy6lb_0yyG8VyqtBfOU1D0FTKkxDBdLDShQrAIrdiBIYIP_nIfbMjgbQ2iei-aXGFFOGWbzJXJpxA7xmrroGs_Rq5FDyiXWkRZcxzyYGKBcIi847hiSJhAqik3pXqoJg2Rvww/s1856/335966_10150915719389226_1782300746_o.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="1424" data-original-width="1856" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgza3PKapVy6lb_0yyG8VyqtBfOU1D0FTKkxDBdLDShQrAIrdiBIYIP_nIfbMjgbQ2iei-aXGFFOGWbzJXJpxA7xmrroGs_Rq5FDyiXWkRZcxzyYGKBcIi847hiSJhAqik3pXqoJg2Rvww/w640-h492/335966_10150915719389226_1782300746_o.jpeg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: x-small;">Agha Shahid Ali, Begum Akhtar, and Saleem Kidwai</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><br /> </span><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saleem Kidwai, great carrier of Begum Akktar and Agha Sahid Ali’s legacies, is now gone. Born in Lucknow in 1951, he exemplified its finest literary and artistic traditions. A brave historian and eloquent translator, his work will surely remain widely read and cited for many years to come. It was a great pleasure to meet Professor Kidwai in 2016 when I was studying Urdu in Lucknow, his hospitality appeared to me boundless, and his knowledge humbling. Below I reproduce his incredible account of the infamous raid on Montreal’s Truxx nightclub in 1977. Published in the Bay Area Desi queer magazine </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trikone</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 2001, it is a moving memoir, tracing both the contours of state violence and the journey of a dislocated intellectual. </span></span></p></blockquote><span id="docs-internal-guid-3a633500-7fff-2119-d37e-3e78e69a612f"><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>****</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><b>Wrong Place, Wrong Time</b></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I was paying for my beer when the Truxx was raided in fall of 1977. That night that changed my life in many ways has now turned into an amusing tale of irony. Now there are gay unions in Canada. But in 1977 there wasn't much.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I was then 26, shy but eager to explore the freedom that Montreal offered. I had arrived the year before to enroll as a graduate student at McGill University. Professionally, I did not need the Ph.D degree. I had been teaching at Delhi University for three years, had tenure, and was therefore entitled to study leave. The powerful don at the University could not understand why I wanted to go to Canada when I could finish my Ph.D in Delhi. I couldn't retort "It's not that. I am gay. I am 24 and have never been to a gay bar. I can't wait to be in one. I want to meet gay people. I want to go to North America to see what gay liberation is about. I want to taste freedom. I want to live without fear."</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>My discovery of the freedoms of the new free world was slow. The settling down, the homesickness, and my first harsh winter kept me preoccupied. My forays into gay commercial establishments were limited. The handbook that the University had sent me had mentioned the Peel Pub as a place where gays met. I had walked past it a few times trying to look inside before I finally, held my breath, pulled up my parka hood, and walked in. But it was uncomfortable and unfriendly. People were usually in groups who either ignored me or showed a blatant interest that unnerved me.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>However, I did make friends outside of the pub and finally was introduced to the Truxx in early '77. I would have been totally intimidated but a friend went with me the first few times. Soon I was walking in without a thought.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Truxx actually included two other establishments, `The Mystique' and the `Rock'n'ball' atop which the Truxx was located. The Mystique, sometimes affectionately nicknamed The Mistake, was a piano bar, and its patrons were derisively referred to as `aunties' by Truxx die-hards. People there were more conservatively dressed while the fashionable ones walked in wearing fur coats. It was a good place for conversation, a place to sit and I liked the cabaret there. The Mystique was busy from Friday nights till the Sunday tea dance. Above it, the Rock'n'ball was a disco. Its dance floor was small and it was too noisy and most of the crowd young and trendy.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>The Truxx was bare, unadorned and nearly always packed. A guy on the Gay help line had described the patrons as the `leather-Levis crowd.' The sexual energy in there was palpable. People did not waste time dancing or listening to someone sing. Instead, some struck poses; some displayed their muscles, while others, their leather apparel. I made my first bar-pickup there. The guy had been staring at me unabashedly and though flattered, I was embarrassed and did not know what was expected of me. I did not have to wait long because he walked up to me and put his tongue in my mouth without saying a word. Later, we arranged to meet the next day.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I do not want to suggest that this happened to others or to me on a regular basis at the Truxx. Most of the people, as I recall, left alone after endless hours of leaning against walls or counters.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>The three bars were integrated into one by the fire escape, which saw a constant flow of people switching floors. That night, I entered through the Mystique and decided to get a beer before I settled down to waiting to see how the night would unfold. I headed up to Truxx where I always bought my beer because it was a quarter cheaper there. On a small fellowship, I had to count my quarters. I wonder what would have happened if I had tarried at The Mystique. Apparently most of the people at Mystique and many at the Rock'n'ball were allowed to go.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Instead, I happened to be in the place the cops really wanted to bust. Strange lighting suddenly lit up the dark bar. These were the powerful beams from the lights on the helmets of the cops who were dressed in fighting gear. They all had their automatic weapons aimed at waist level, as they rushed in, looking as if they were about to storm a guerilla hideout.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>We were ordered by a cop on a megaphone to face the wall, raise our hands and place them on it. We waited while we were thoroughly frisked and insulted by the police. And then charged with being `found ins' in a `bawdy house!'</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Then we were sent to an officer who was noting down personal information on a clipboard, and checking IDs. I panicked. One thing I had realized very early about this new, free world was that immigration authorities did not like homosexuals, particularly foreign ones. I was on a student visa, and the idea of deportation made my knees buckle. When my turn came, it took me a long time to tell him how to spell my unfamiliar name. I did not want them to see my student ID so I produced my Social Security card. The man was not content and again I tried to concoct an incomprehensible explanation. I think he mistook my nervousness for inadequate language skills. Fed up with the time I was taking, he decided he had enough on me. In any case it was late and they had 180 odd men to enlist. I went back to my place and put my hands on the wall again. I don't remember how long we stood thus but I do remember that my arms began to ache.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>We were then led out into waiting police vans. Crowds had gathered outside the bars, and there were a few flashbulbs and a television camera or two. There were some slogans of protest but more jeering. I could not figure out who was being jeered--the police or us. We were packed in the van as densely as animals meant for slaughter are packed into trucks in India. It was almost impossible to breathe. You had to keep turning your nose to possible passages for fresh air. However, the unrelenting weekend spirit of some people refused to die down. Their banter irritated me at first, but over the endless hours that followed, I realized how valuable and rare a sense of humor was that night.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Our first stop was the downtown police station. Here we queued up to be booked, fingerprinted etc. Then we were herded into cells. Many more than a dozen were locked into a cell with bunk beds for two. The cells were tiny and the commode was almost next to the bunk beds. The beer drunk by most could no longer be retained. The floor was soon splattered with urine and the stench began to get unbearable. Finally, when all were booked, we were packed in the vans and moved again to another detention center.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Thankfully there were no cells here. It was a hall with few chairs. By morning people were beginning to collapse with fatigue and stress and had begun to lie down on the floor, oblivious of the cigarette stubs and dregs of spilt coffee from paper cups spread all over.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>More humiliation awaited us. We were told to line up and drop out trousers and underwear and bend over. We waited, bent, as an elderly doctor slowly worked his way down the line, shoving cotton buds into people's rectums, labeling them and putting them away. This I was told was to test us for STDs.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Sometime after mid day we were produced before a magistrate. The end was almost anti-climatic. We pleaded not guilty of `being a found-in a bawdy house,' and were given a date to appear in court.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>The blinding sunlight was the first thing I noticed when I stepped out. Some men who told me that a group defense was being planned offered legal help if I wanted. They told me where to get in touch with them.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I hurried back to my apartment and locked myself in and felt I never wanted to leave its safety again. I felt that way for a long time. So much for the freedom that I had come looking for!</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>For a few days after this I was a mess and totally dysfunctional. I did not appear at school for a week and was severely reprimanded by my language professor. I was mad with worry. I was scared of the trial, of getting convicted, of the publicity and scandal. I worried about the revocation of my visa. I decided that if it came to that, I would leave on my own so as to not get a `deported' stamp on my passport. Even then, how would I face my colleagues and the university authorities? What would I tell my family which had been so supportive--that I had to leave because I was caught in a brothel? How would I explain it to my homosexual friends in India? The truth would drive many of them, already living in fear, deeper into their closets.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I survived that period with the help of gay and straight friends. The legal aid cell of the students union sanctioned 110 dollars for my defense. A friend introduced me to a lawyer friend of his for advice. The lawyer was a successful corporate lawyer, constantly flying between continents, and would normally never have handled a case like this. However, he was so outraged by what I told him that he volunteered to do the case for the $110. He is one of the kindest men I have known.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>He suggested I not join the group defense. He advised that we file a suit against the city of Montreal for false arrest, and harassment and demand a million dollar compensation. I said I could not deny under oath that I was gay and so had reservations about pretending ignorance. He clarified the issues. I was charged with being a found-in, not for being gay. "Was that place a bawdy house he asked?" No I said without hesitation "Even if they were to establish that it was a bawdy house, did you know that?" He asked. Again I denied it truthfully. "Then where is the question of lying?" I felt reassured and agreed to the million-dollar suit. He hesitatingly suggested that he would be entitled to 15% of whatever I got. I told him he could keep all of it if he wanted. I just want the pall of fear lifted from my life. We drank to that.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I did not sleep well for days before the first appearance at court, which eventually did not take very long. I had to wait with some ladies who had been picked up the previous night and who were still indiscriminately belligerent towards all. The Judge did not even look at me when my turn came and assigned another date.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Not too many days later, one morning at six while I was still asleep, the buzzer rang. I found two gentlemen who showed me their police badges and walked in. Fear had me wide-awake instantly. They mentioned my complaint and then switched to being inquisitive. Was I gay? There are no gays in India I told them using the official line of the government. They asked me if I had girlfriends and I said yes. Why was I drinking in bar full of only men? In India, I told them, men preferred to drink without women around. In between this trivia, they dropped threats. Their method was practiced, insidious and transparent. They told me what could happen. They could inform the university and my professors. They could inform my family. They were now aware that I was on a student visa and told me that the immigration department would cancel my visa if they found out about the arrest.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Then one of them threw me the bait. They asked me if I wanted the charges against me dropped. I asked how that would be done. They suggested I become a prosecution witness. I agreed, and asked how I could be of help. They wanted me to tell them about the scandalous goings on in the backroom. I said I had seen none. They kept coming back to it and I kept denying it. They finally asked if I would withdraw the complaint. I said no. They left looking very cross.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>For the next two hours I waited for a respectable hour to call my lawyer. He told me take a cab and meet him at his office immediately. He was in a rage when I got there. Had I not seen enough American television to know that I should have refused to speak without my lawyer present? And why did I not call him when the police appeared?</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Within the next half an hour we walked into the courthouse and into the office of some officer of the justice department. My lawyer let loose a volley of complaints about how his client, an innocent, bright, foreign student, was first arrested on false charges and then harassed by the police. He said that the police henceforth should communicate with his client through him and if this were to be infringed, he would raise the harassment claim to five million dollars. The officer, taken back at demeanor of the lawyer, his seniority and the vehemence of his protest, reassured us that he would look into the matter and that it would not be repeated.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>As if to make up for his angry words, my lawyer took me out for a meal where he promised that he would personally go to the highest court on his own to defend me if he had to. I was reassured, and even more, touched by his generosity.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>It took me some time to go back to the bars again, particularly the Truxx, which had reopened within a couple of days. But the fear of being busted never receded too far from daily memory.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I made good friends, enjoyed the beautiful city and came to love it. I concentrated on schoolwork, got an M.A, and completed the PhD residency requirements including the Comprehensive Exams. My leave was coming to an end and I was free to complete my dissertation in India and return to defend it. Friends, and a professor who had become a friend, advised me to chuck up the job at home and look for a job in North America. They assumed that as a gay man, that should have been my obvious choice. But that option had turned out to be a dream. As a gay person, I now wanted to live at home.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>I had realized that in spite of laws, or their absence, freedom for me meant living my life according to rules I made for myself. I also knew well that it was not going to be easy. If I had to contribute to change, I preferred to do it at home.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>The case had gotten nowhere in three years. Very much as in the Indian judicial system, dates were assigned and then reassigned. When I told my lawyer that I planned to leave the country in a few weeks, he pointed out that I would be jumping the personal bail I had given to the court. I asked what I should do because I wanted to return to Canada and defend my dissertation. He explained the law and the remedies clinically. "When you try and enter the country again, the computer will show that you jumped bail. They will arrest you. You have to insist that you be allowed to make a phone call to your lawyer. I will come and you will be out the same day. And yes, you must inform me when you are arriving." Wasn't there a way I could get the court's permission to leave I asked. "The case is buried under countless others. Do you want it dug up? Do you want to go back to the court? And there is very little time." I instantly decided what I had to do. I was going to jump bail and never come back to Canada again.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>It was a major decision that I took in an instant. For years I regretted that after all the hard work, I would never get a Ph.D.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 13pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>The end of this story was inconsequential in some ways. In 1984 a letter arrived bearing a Canadian stamp. I had begun dreading those letters because with increasing frequency they brought frightening and horrible news about friends and acquaintances dying of the new, mysterious cancer. But this letter contained a press clipping about the charges being dropped. My friend wrote that he hoped I would finally put this behind me. I already had. The charges being dropped made little difference to me. My life had taken already taken a different course.</span></span></p></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Roboto Slab;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trikone </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16 (2001). My thanks to Shireen Hamza for sharing this with me in 2016 when we were both in Lucknow. At McGill, Kidwai wrote a MA thesis entitled </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Three Historians of the Delhi Sultanate</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which will surely be of interest to some [<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/14wTIJ86quahDOTD94HxhEAmR_x1bP7Yz/view?usp=sharing">PDF</a>]. </span></span></p></span></blockquote><span><br /></span>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3171490811448273580.post-1555100096874898372021-06-29T01:10:00.018-07:002021-07-01T14:53:24.484-07:00Saghir Ahmad (1936 – 1971)<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlcSfwPxS7FDKZDnzPlqGFWTFw2ohe1KCDOGsL1STxlZE_4c9-PTYBjwFWgZyKG8OohLsjzDa8IjmTWZxnTa-70qPT-MdmLHK6n4k6EWiS-3gj0V-e-TbF0Ep_-GYQHrt5BuidfI6jn0/s1000/item-ea-acd-001.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="695" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlcSfwPxS7FDKZDnzPlqGFWTFw2ohe1KCDOGsL1STxlZE_4c9-PTYBjwFWgZyKG8OohLsjzDa8IjmTWZxnTa-70qPT-MdmLHK6n4k6EWiS-3gj0V-e-TbF0Ep_-GYQHrt5BuidfI6jn0/w444-h640/item-ea-acd-001.jpeg" width="444" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: x-small;">Saghir Ahmad with his brother Eqbal and an unidentified woman. Via <a href="https://www.saada.org/item/20170128-4938" target="_blank">SAADA</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">I cherish a poignant memory of Rashid’s responses to
death. In 1971, my younger brother, a personal friend and political comrade,
was killed in an accident. At the funeral in Vancouver, I was surprised by a
Palestinian delegation bearing flowers and condolences from the PLO. Rashid had
a hand in this thoughtful gesture. Months later, when I saw him in New York,
Rashid said: "Tell me about Saghir Ahmad. I want to learn from him."</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">— Eqbal
Ahmad, remembering Rashid Hussein.¹</span> </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Saghir Ahmad was born in Bihar eighty-five
years ago and died, too young, fifty years ago, in British Columbia. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan Forum, </i>a journal Saghir was
closely involved with, concluded in their obituary that “in many ways, Saghir’s
life symbolizes the struggle of the members of colonized intelligentsia who
constantly strive for the decolonization of their minds.” In a recent
interview, Mohammad Qadeer, formerly an associate editor of the journal,
comments that Saghir’s transformation into a socialist was occasioned by his move to the
United States, “with his brother’s influence and after coming to America, he
became more political.”³</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">In the obituary I reproduce below, the
anti-imperialist anthropologist Kathleen Gough summarized Ahmad’s work and
traced his intellectual itinerary as he moved from the Anglo-American social
anthropology he was trained in at Michigan State, to the more critical Marxism that charaecterizes his later work. Gough was Ahmad’s colleague at Simon Fraser
University’s Political Science, Sociology, and Anthropology (PSA) department.
As Gough recounts briefly, Ahmad arrived on campus amid a serious struggle over
the university that his department was deeply enmeshed in.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;">The faculty and students of the PSA had
resolved in 1969, like those involved with Lumumba-Zapata College at UCSD at
around the same time, to develop a radically different way of organizing
research and teaching in the university. The department was restructured around
three key principles: first, the task of democratizing the university, wherein staff, faculty, and students all had a say in the goings on of the department, including decisions over tenure;
second, a commitment to a critical social scientific practice, attuned to a
“humane social order” not the needs of governments and corporations; and third,
an obligation to integrate their research with the political efforts of
oppressed communities beyond the university in British Columbia. Simon Fraser’s
administration, however, was not keen on these radical ideas, refusing to
acknowledge, among other things, the department’s tenure decisions. Eight
faculty members, including Saghir Ahmad, were suspended and later dismissed in the upheaval. In
May 1971, the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT), censured
Simon Fraser for its actions, a censure which would last until 1977.⁴<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;">The department was an important site for
Ahmad’s transformation as a scholar. Mordecia Benjamin, the dismissed chair of
the PSA, wrote in 1970 that the department aimed to abandon the disciplines and
“inter-disciplines,” seeking instead to focus their intellectual efforts at
understanding “the process of capitalism, imperialism and revolution.”⁵
Lectures and seminars were convened to consider how the world functioned under capitalism and how it might be changed. Among those
invited were Harry Magdoff, Ernest Mandel, Eric Wolf, William Hinton, Mary
Oppenheimer, Robert Fitch, Grace Lee and James Boggs, Herbert Marcuse, and
Marvin Harris.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">Beyond the
PSA, Simon Fraser was a site of radical political activity in general,
“Berkeley North,” in one scholar’s phrase.</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;">⁶</span><span lang="EN" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;"> Saghir’s
partner at the time of his untimely death, Anne Roberts, describes her involvement
in the Women’s Caucus on campus: “These weren’t armchair Marxists: By the time
I joined, they were already running illegal abortion clinics, organizing
workshops on working women, and setting up child care co-ops. It seemed as if
the revolution had begun.”</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;">⁷</span><span lang="EN" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;"> Although
Ahmad’s time at Simon Fraser was cut short, first by the actions of the
administration and then by his tragic death, he seemed to have left an
important mark on those with whom he studied and thought. Simon Fraser’s
student newspaper <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Peak</i></span><span lang="EN" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika; mso-highlight: white;">, ran an
obituary of Ahmad by Paul Mier, who recounted his teacher’s profound impact on
his life and lamented his loss. “The world is a darker place for a lot of us
and a harder place for all of us. A man who did our fighting and took on our
common burden is gone… But the struggle that he lived for is still going on.”⁸</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">In
addition to Gough’s obituary, I have also posted a bibliography of Ahmad’s work
below, including PDFs when possible. </span></p><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-no-proof: yes;"><hr align="center" size="0" width="100%" /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"></span></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><b>¹</b>Kamal Boullata and Mirene Ghossein, eds., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The World of Rashid Hussein, a Palestinian
Poet in Exile </i>(Detroit: Association of Arab-American University Graduates,
1979), 59.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><b>²</b>“Obituary: Saghir Ahmad,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan Forum</i> 2:1 (October, 1971), 2. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><b>³</b>Shozab Raza, “Theorizing Pakistan in
Diaspora: The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan Forum</i>,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jamhoor </i>(July 1, 2019). </span><span lang="EN"><a href="https://www.jamhoor.org/read/2019/7/1/theorizing-pakistan-in-diaspora-the-pakistan-forum"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">https://www.jamhoor.org/read/2019/7/1/theorizing-pakistan-in-diaspora-the-pakistan-forum</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"> The interview offers rich insights into the
political and intellectual debates that animated the journal. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;"><b>⁴</b>John Cleavland, “SIXTIES STUDENTS: Simon
Fraser (6): The PSA Strike,” </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">leftactivist.com </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">(September 6, 2019), </span><span lang="EN"><a href="https://leftactivist.com/blog/sixties-students-simon-fraser-6-the-psa-strike"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">https://leftactivist.com/blog/sixties-students-simon-fraser-6-the-psa-strike</span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;"><b>⁵ </b>Mordecia Benjamin, “A Taste of Better
Things,” </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">1:3 (1970),<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>37-54. See also
Kathleen Gough's account, “The Struggle at Simon Fraser University,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monthly Review </i>22:1 (1970), 31-45. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;"><b>⁶</b> John Cleavland, “‘Berkeley North’: Why
Simon Fraser Had the Strongest 1960s Student Power Movement,” in M. Athena
Palaeologue, ed., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">The Sixties in Canada: A Turbulent and Creative Decade </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">(Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2009), 193-232. Undoubtedly, the most significant mobilization of radical students was the 1969 "Sir George Williams Affair" in Montreal. See chapter 7 of David Austin, <i>Fear of a Black Nation: Race, Sex and Security in Sixties Montreal </i>(Toronto: Between the Lines, 2013). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;"><b>⁷ </b>Anne Roberts, “Vancouver Women's Caucus:
A Women's Liberation History Project,” </span><span lang="EN"><a href="https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/herstory/personal-memories/anne-roberts/"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/herstory/personal-memories/anne-roberts/</span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;"><b>⁸</b> Paul Meir, “Saghir Ahmad,” </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">The Peak </span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">18:11 (July 14, 1971), 12. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">****</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Kathleen Gough, “Saghir Ahmad,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">Bulletin of Concerned Asian
Scholars </span></i><span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">4:1
(Winter 1971),<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>72-76.</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p></blockquote><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghDhSQWk8kgXn9bdZWo1L_lD0N2rTgvDG5B9xfYJN7wo2Z7vPV1rqHoERpzlmJrSR5CqzVtXabN1ippcdmBlIBMIt6T5EnsDlknLA9hjmlojz5XzTs5D5ixFWVmlhibh-9pZp6X_xkVfQ/s1910/Screen+Shot+2021-06-29+at+12.48.57+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="1910" data-original-width="1460" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghDhSQWk8kgXn9bdZWo1L_lD0N2rTgvDG5B9xfYJN7wo2Z7vPV1rqHoERpzlmJrSR5CqzVtXabN1ippcdmBlIBMIt6T5EnsDlknLA9hjmlojz5XzTs5D5ixFWVmlhibh-9pZp6X_xkVfQ/w490-h640/Screen+Shot+2021-06-29+at+12.48.57+AM.png" width="490" /></a></div><p><br /></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Following Yahya Khan's invasion of East
Pakistan on March 25th of this year, a small number of West Pakistani
intellectuals living in North America publicly condemned the brutal massacres.
Prominent among them were Saghir and Eqbal Ahmad (brothers), Feroz Ahmed, and
Aijaz Ahmed, all university teachers and writers. These men wrote open letters
to their government and articles on BangIa Desh, demonstrated, and gave media
interviews, braving possible reprisals. Together with friends from East Bengal,
they tried to inform North Americans about the conditions of the people and the
character of the contending forces in BangIa Desh, and to oppose the U.S.
contribution to that slaughter.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Saghir Ahmad's accidental death by drowning in
North Vancouver, British Columbia on July 7th is a serious loss to radical
social science, to the Pakistani and Canadian socialist movements, and to the
anti-war movement in North America. At 35, he was nearing the height of his
intellectual powers and his capacity for political work. A sociologist and
anthropologist, he wrote on class structure and class struggle in West
Pakistan, on the Thuggee guerrilla movement in Northern India in the nineteenth
century, on imperialism and revolutionary struggle in South and Southeast Asia,
and on the roles of radical social scientists. At the time of his death he was
a new editor of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan Forum</i> and
was about to visit refugee camps in India and to co-author a book on BangIa
Desh.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Saghir was born into an arena of suffering and struggle
and struggled all his life. A few weeks after his birth, his father, a
landowner of an aristocratic Malik family in Bihar, India, was assassinated in
reprisal for his support of land reform. When he was ten, the impending
partition of India and Pakistan made Saghir witness to bloody attacks on the
Muslim community of Bihar in which many of his friends and half his kinsfolk
were killed. Shortly afterwards, he followed his elder brothers to Lahore in
West Pakistan. At Forman Christian College in Lahore and later at the
University of the Punjab, where he obtained his M.A. degree in 1958, he took
part in the radical student movement and read the Marxist classics. He moved to
America in 1961, received his doctorate from Michigan State University in 1967,
and was subsequently employed at Oakland University in Michigan and at the
University of Alberta and Simon Fraser University in Canada. In 1965 Saghir
returned to Pakistan to study a village in Sarghoda District of the Punjab,
where he became deeply immersed in the lives of the peasantry.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Saghir's intellectual work is the work of a man
at war with a part of himself and with his colonial environment, yet a man who,
kindly, tolerant and truthful, tries to distort nothing and to give each fellow
human his due.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">In the opening editorial of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan Forum</i> (October-November 1970),
Eqbal Ahamd wrote: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">With few exceptions,
we have failed in our primary intellectual responsibility of carrying out a
meaningful debate on the opportunities for social and economic transformation,
definition of national goals, and requisites for creating a just balanced and
democratic society. Our minds and our souls, like our economic, political and
social institutions await decolonization</i>. Saghir Ahmad's life and work over
the past decade offer a striking instance of this process of decolonization of
the mind and soul.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">As a doctoral student in America in the early
1960’s, Saghir necessarily became steeped in structural-functional and other
liberal social science approaches. His early work uses the best of such
approaches to good advantage, yet from the first he is dissatisfied and looks
for something beyond them. In his doctoral thesis, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Class and Power in a Punjab Village </i>(1967) the authorities he
quotes and whose theories he utilizes include, for example, Weber, the Indianist
scholars Mangalam, Barth, Marriott, Mayer, Bailey and Nicholas -- and Marx.
Saghir went to the Punjabi village in order to examine the diffusion of power
and wealth which had supposedly been brought about by Pakistan's laws of 1959
regarding land reform and Basic Democracies. He found such diffusion virtually
non-existent and says so flatly at the beginning of his thesis, contradicting
the received wisdom of that date. Instead of permitting a diffusion of power
through elections, landlords had put up their managers and front-men as
candidates. In order to by-pass the land reforms, they had converted some land
from tenant farms to farming of cash crops with wage labor, thus impoverishing
sections of the peasants and artisans. Saghir took as his central theme the
relation between the village’s economic and political systems, making use of
insights from British social anthropology into factional competition in village
politics. His main argument is, however, the Marxist one that political
structure and social stratification are fundamentally determined by modes and
relations of production, and he shows this convincingly, although in places a
trifle mechanically. This work is especially valuable in providing an early
analysis of the real impact of land reform legislation in Pakistan, along with
a rare explication of the processes and relations of village production.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTfOlqtyUNu1wk3LGqX4zMzwr5TXDr-8tyvQv-K1yYOeki-EBk_JI8QSs9m4vKzD3me3q6SkswsuTfqvfmefLRYTNwj657CZu76RGPRbLzRgJD84FUA27tjbPpSS5LQhcOHaOEphUrXJk/s2048/saghir+ahmad+cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1394" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTfOlqtyUNu1wk3LGqX4zMzwr5TXDr-8tyvQv-K1yYOeki-EBk_JI8QSs9m4vKzD3me3q6SkswsuTfqvfmefLRYTNwj657CZu76RGPRbLzRgJD84FUA27tjbPpSS5LQhcOHaOEphUrXJk/w436-h640/saghir+ahmad+cover.jpg" width="436" /></a></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">In later articles Saghir deepens his
understanding of the Punjabi village, gradually abandoning functionalist
approaches in favor of his own adaptations of Marxist analysis and attacking
head-on the more pernicious doctrines coming out of Western research in Third
World countries. In "Should Pakistan Seek Modernization?", written in
1967, he shows that Western concepts of modernization are a euphemism for the
spread of capitalist relations and, more recently, of American dominance, which
in Pakistan he found were perpetuating and indeed deepening the poverty of
villagers. He shows that Punjabi village society is already "modern"
in that social stratification is a matter of economic class more than of caste
or kinship groups, political behavior is largely motivated by economic
considerations, and the baneful influence of bureaucracy is pervasive. The
peasants, moreover, are fully "rational" in Weber's sense. Their
disinclination for economic changes introduced by the landlords arises not from
superstition or blind custom but from prudent collective and individual
self-interest, since it is the landlords and not the peasants who reap the
profits from these changes. Thus in spite (or indeed, in part, because) of
their "modernization", the peasants remain poor, illiterate and
largely apathetic. These evils are in fact, Saghir argues, "a creation of
the elites of the society", and "categorization of the villagers as
traditional provides a rationale for their continued exploitation." His
critique of "modernization" in this paper and in "The Economics
of Agricultural Production" (1968) independently takes a similar course to
that in the seminal work by Andre Gunder Frank in 1967. Together, these
articles explode much of the mythology of American "economic development
and cultural change" studies of the preceding decade.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">In 1968-69 Saghir moved from debunking current
theories of development, and from an earlier tendency toward economic
determinism, into concern with the contradictions inherent in social relations
and with the sources of various kinds of revolt or revolution and their effects
on social change. He read Marx, and also Mao Tse-tung, more extensively that
year. His interest in the historical roots of revolt in South Asia became focused
in research on the nineteenth century Thuggees. Examining the social
composition, modes of recruitment and operations of these multi-caste,
egalitarian rebel communities, Saghir concluded that they were not outcaste
criminal elements, as they had been depicted in the British literature, but
religiously sanctioned guerrilla movements, armed against the rulers and
profiteers of an unjust social order and working with the support of large
sections of the common people.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p></blockquote><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSGxiO0ZKYxQ1CFATHMAdPJ5IB1nKr3wLI7mBVAo0u73ORgnYAvTH4YKlsC1HFWO3aEBM9kI7ryA4yOZ4LNKxtz4rZtaoSlYmxcs3HqWT2Mam3dPq4e042TU3S9VFGBKLGaEsLGdNDfKk/s1200/item-pakistan-forum-v2n1-001.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="923" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSGxiO0ZKYxQ1CFATHMAdPJ5IB1nKr3wLI7mBVAo0u73ORgnYAvTH4YKlsC1HFWO3aEBM9kI7ryA4yOZ4LNKxtz4rZtaoSlYmxcs3HqWT2Mam3dPq4e042TU3S9VFGBKLGaEsLGdNDfKk/w493-h640/item-pakistan-forum-v2n1-001.jpeg" width="493" /></a></div><br /><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">"Islam and Pakistani Peasants",
written in 1970, returns to the Punjabi village, but with a new perspective.
Influenced by Eric Wolf's work on peasants as well as by Mao, Saghir now probes
the conflicts of interest, obligation and emotional experience imposed on
peasants by their relations to their kinsfolk and the local community, to
landlords and bureaucrats, and to the literate urban society. He shows how,
with the help of local religious leaders, the peasants try to handle and live
with these contradictions through beliefs and practices specific to village
Islam. The “Little Tradition” of Redfield and his associates comes to life in
terms of particular conflicts, obligations, and privations suffered by the
peasantry. For while examining major differences between the “Great Tradition”
of the wealthy and the intellectuals and the Little Tradition of the peasants,
Saghir sees that "the roots of such differences are to be found in their
historical and material conditions of life." Islam as practised and
believed by the peasants is thus not merely a product of parochialization or a
less systematized and less reflective filtering down of elements of the Great
Tradition, nor is it solely an opiate of the masses or a prop for landlordism.
It includes, on the one hand, a concept of the need to submit to a hard fate –
a fate which is in fact imposed on the peasants by landlords and bureaucrats.
On the other hand, however, the peasants believe that it is acceptable to fail
in formal religious duties or to cheat or steal from the upper classes,
provided that one is just and compassionate within the village community. Such
a religious tradition which combines the contradictory demands of the State and
the landlords with those of the peasant household community, cannot be
reconciled with the Islam prevalent among the upper classes or the
intellectuals who promulgate the Great Tradition. For these classes, whether
consciously or unconsciously, are exploiters. Their beliefs and practices
therefore focus around other kinds of contradictions, such as the need to
combine exploitation with charity. In West Pakistani villages in 1965., Saghir
found that Islam was above all a vision to which the peasant aspired but which
exploitation prevented him from attaining: a vision “of human dignity and
pride, of social and economic justice, of a community of men based on honesty
and love for one another.”</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Saghir's last paper on the peasants, published
in this issue, wrestles again with problems stemming from the changing
character of their class structure. The strengths of this article include his
effort to integrate the large numbers of artisans and other service groups of
the Punjab's canal colony region into a unitary class structure with the
peasants. Second, he recognizes the growth of landless labor, unemployment, and
impoverishment resulting from land reforms, new techniques of production, and
cash crop farming. Third, he perceives the varying cultural and psychological
attributes of the rural classes and the signs of emerging class solidarity
between poor peasants and impoverished artisans. Fourth, he explores further
the contradictions inherent in modern relations among the classes, instanced by
the insecurity of the middle peasant, who in good times seeks identification
with the rich peasants, but in bad times tends to rebel. Finally, in this paper
Saghir's own decolonization and increasingly revolutionary awareness appear in
the meaning that “modernization” has acquired for him. It is now no longer the
spread of western economy and culture; rather, in Barrington Moore’s words,
“the process of modernization ... culminates ...with peasant revolutions that
succeed.” Consequently, whereas in his doctoral thesis Saghir still thought
that the village influential (chiefly middle peasants) "could be more
fully utilized in local development programs," now he looks to the poor
peasants and the landless laborers as forces for revolutionary change. While he
was writing this paper the massive carnage in BangIa Desh and the resistance
being organized against it increased Saghir's sense of urgency and his hopes
for peasant revolutionary struggle.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Andika; mso-fareast-font-family: Andika;">Over the past year, the political
persecution to which Saghir was subjected at Simon Fraser University, followed
by the crisis in Pakistan, prevented him from returning to research in his own
country. Instead, he turned part of his energy to broader Third World problems
and to Canadian society, in a spate of journal and newspaper articles. Two are
most noteworthy. One is a brilliant demolition of western theories of Third
World overpopulation, which demonstrates (to me, conclusively) that
"population is not the cause of poverty, rather it is poverty and the
irrational structuring of society which cause the problem of population.” The
other article is an assault on racism, poverty, and imperialism in Canada and
on the failure of Canadain social scientists to attack these conditions.⁹ In
these papers Saghir is angry yet incisive. His style gathers speed and color;
powered by indignation against his own and others' suffering from racism and
political persecution, he writes from both head and heart.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">The values that Saghir found among the peasants
of West Pakistan, and received from his own family, guided him in the many
settings through which he moved or into which he was driven. Wherever he lived
Saghir moved people by his passionate humanity. When happy among friends or
engaged in collective struggle, he shed a joyous radiance; when provoked, a
fiery anger. Although his main loyalty was perhaps always to Pakistan, he was
an internationalist who rooted himself in each local situation, making the
sufferings of the people his suffering, and their struggles for justice his
own.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg97d8B719uF2OwuXzqdfNj7ti_3QoyFj4nOyVC7Wo-AHxEmdBUj60M5G33QqHmqnvT5cJDb4HgPUTTGlhXANNRpF84dRbfWN7e9xrJ2X0nQ28kZomM1zHMr9c8vRniBx6zT8V3PvSWJRY/s1222/Screen+Shot+2021-06-27+at+10.53.15+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="1222" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg97d8B719uF2OwuXzqdfNj7ti_3QoyFj4nOyVC7Wo-AHxEmdBUj60M5G33QqHmqnvT5cJDb4HgPUTTGlhXANNRpF84dRbfWN7e9xrJ2X0nQ28kZomM1zHMr9c8vRniBx6zT8V3PvSWJRY/w640-h328/Screen+Shot+2021-06-27+at+10.53.15+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Two recent examples illustrate conflicts induced
in Saghir by struggles going on in his environment, and the honor with which he
surmounted them. In September 1969, after being denied a renewal of his visa in
the United States and after researching for a year in Canada without a teaching
appointment, Saghir came to teach at Simon Fraser University. On the way, he
heard that a second elder brother had died suddenly in Pakistan, leaving to
Saghir and Eqbal the maintenance of a number of relatives. When he reached
Simon Fraser, Saghir found a majority of students and faculty in his department
about to go on strike against a purge of radical teachers and the abolition of
a democratic department concerned with critical and experimental teaching. Some
of his acquaintances were on both sides of the conflict and "compromise
paths” were being talked of. After a brief inner struggle and consultation with
his brother, Saghir chose to strike, risking his salary, and the chance to
teach that he so much wanted. During the strike, he was suspended from teaching
along with seven other colleagues, and went through two years of harassment and
delayed dismissal proceedings. Finally, on June 23, 1971 he was arbitrarily
fired, without any due process, and looked forward to a new appointment at
Trent University in Peterborough.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Although forbidden to teach, Saghir spent his
last two years guiding and befriending students, researching on Pakistan, and
busying himself with the struggles of British Columbian workers, unemployed
people, Quebecois, the antiwar movement in Canada, and, most recently BangIa
Desh. His last 'research' trip was to Quesnel, a small town in British
Columbia, where a race-fight occurred between white and Sikh workers. Saghir
investigated the dispute for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Georgia
Straight</i>, a Vancouver underground newspaper, together with friends
including Anne Roberts, his beloved companion and co-worker over the past five
years. Yet "investigate" is not the word, for Saghir entered at once
into the joys and fears of the Sikh community, revelled in their affection, and
with difficulty tore himself away. In every city where he lived, he is mourned
by dozens who loved him.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">A second and graver test of Saghir's integrity
was BangIa Desh. Saghir was a West Pakistani who had grown up in a period of
intense nationalism, and he was living precariously in North America. Many of
his kin had moved from Bihar to East Bengal. As Urdu speakers of high status,
they served the government in Islamabad'. Saghir knew some of them to have been
killed in disturbances that followed Yahya Khan's refusal to implement the
election results in East Pakistan. Saghir also deeply admired the government of
China, which, however, was continuing its support of Yahya Khan. Yet when the
invasion came he immediately disregarded these complications, recognized
fascism, and opposed it. Instead of abdicating into passive observation from a
distance, he exerted himself in the midst of his own troubles, leafleting,
speaking, writing, fund raising, and traveling, for the people of Bangla Desh.</span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large;"> </span></p></blockquote><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="hoverZoomLink" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ4X0f_yFIPZ6QR5BmkwV59CX8VF9t_xyYxru-5hyphenhyphenvJmtaCLNl4Is6OFqBVfXDNJMZnzn4OvOEzMde4G3nR1D-Bol-mCzR1GlufiBtpYMUwKkjI48IYdN1BiLHJiWYLWKp7CFVHpxyN98/s2048/Screen+Shot+2021-06-29+at+12.47.49+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="hoverZoomLink" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="2048" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ4X0f_yFIPZ6QR5BmkwV59CX8VF9t_xyYxru-5hyphenhyphenvJmtaCLNl4Is6OFqBVfXDNJMZnzn4OvOEzMde4G3nR1D-Bol-mCzR1GlufiBtpYMUwKkjI48IYdN1BiLHJiWYLWKp7CFVHpxyN98/w640-h336/Screen+Shot+2021-06-29+at+12.47.49+AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Saghir's life was closely linked with that of
his elder brother Eqbal, who, with seven other defendants in the Harrisburg Conspiracy
Case, faces trial on inane charges of conspiracy against the government of the
United States, It· is obvious to those who know him that these charges are
persecution for Eqbal's legitimate and forthright opposition to the war in
Indochina and his brilliant analyses of American imperialism. From their
corrupting, co-optative situations in North American universities, both these
brothers came forward and fulfilled the responsibilities of revolutionary
intellectuals. Now Saghir has departed. Hard and bitter though his death is to
many of us, we must carry on the struggles in which he was engaged. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">****</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><o:p> </o:p></span> </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;">Select Bibliography of Saghir Ahmad</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">Review of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Emerging Patterns of Rural Leadership in Southern Asia: A Report on an
International Round Table Conference. Journal of Asian Studies </i>26:`1
(November 1966), 155-156. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RaoT58NZXgr81BN29QKAfEi-gOSVaERZ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Economics of Agricultural Production.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alberta Anthropologist </i>2:3 (December
1968), 8-16.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mCleDRXwgow-u73B84le4uBDZTdl7FFJ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Islam and Pakistani Peasants.” In Aziz
Ahmad, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contributions to Asian
Studies</i> 11 (1971), 105-125. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MQywULI9JIHCam3MDA800mLRU3eufDO2/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Social Stratification in a Punjabi
Village.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contributions to Indian
Sociology</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> 4:1</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>(1971), 105-125.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SWU78E6l71EHR3KkVPtdpm09bZisnmH2/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Should We Seek Modernization?" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan Forum</i>, 1 3 (February-March,
1971). Reprinted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Race & Class </i>19:1
(1977).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xKvY6DHOnSL6BzNmgV-OC3WzDpNytO6i/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Imperialism and Underdevelopment.”
Review of Robert I. Rhodes, ed., I<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mperialism
and Underdevelopment: a Reader</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan
Forum</i> (June- July, 1971), 3-5, 9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/138SVMDqEg5OL9xi44h6Vy7eJmw297b_W/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Laos: the Unforgettable War.”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Georgia Straight</i> (Vancouver, BC:
February 17-24, 1971)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Indochina, Revolution and
Counterrevolution.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Georgia Straight</i>
(Vancouver, BC: March 17-24).</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Pakistan. Another Vietnam or Quebec.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Georgia Straight </i>(Vancouver, BC: March
17-24)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Crisis in Pakistan.” Review of Tariq
Ali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pakistan: Military Rule or People's
Power. Monthly Review </i>23:4 (September 1971), 51-62. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y6jd9ZKhcQZAhvchgAc1AY-knt9jls9g/view?usp=sharing">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span> </p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"On Population. <i>Pakistan Forum </i>2:1 (October 1971), 3-7. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhKZS1tVVRdmxmEE7NH0vLLvuysrmD-Q/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span></p></blockquote></blockquote>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“Peasant Classes in Pakistan.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars </i>4:1
(Winter 1971), 60-71. Reprinted in Kathleen Gough and Hari P. Sharma, eds.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia. </i>New
York: Monthly Review Press, 1973.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j_M7yImxPELpEbVWbm-QzgEJpKWhFbCP/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“The Role of Radical Social Scientists.”
Paper prepared for Canadian Sociology and Anthropology meetings, June 1971
(unpublished)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">“A Village in Pakistani Panjab: Jalpana.”
With selections by Hamza Alavi. In Clarence Maloney, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">South Asia: Seven Community Profiles. </i>New York: Holt, Rhinehart and
Winston, 1974. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Cq7IFp-T9BnjY1CZTD8oMxU0dEi4Dgdt/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">[PDF]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Nanum Myeongjo"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo; font-size: medium;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">Class and
Power in a Punjabi Village. </span></i><span lang="EN" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;">New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p></blockquote></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;"><b></b></span></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Nanum Myeongjo;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Lora; mso-fareast-font-family: Lora; mso-highlight: white;"><b>This bibliography draws on one appended to Richard Fraught’s obituary of Ahmad, “Saghir Ahmad
(1936–1971),” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Canadian Review of
Sociology and Anthropology </i>8:4 (November 1971), 273-274 and the notes from
Gough’s obituary cited above. Citations have been updated or corrected where
necessary. Links to PDFs have been added when available.</b></span></span></blockquote><p></p><div id="hzImg" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 4px; border: 4px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 1px 3px; cursor: pointer; display: none; height: auto; left: 236px; line-height: 0px; margin: 4px; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 389px; visibility: visible; width: auto; z-index: 2147483647;"></div><div class="imgError" id="hzImgLoader" style="background-color: #ffbfbf; border-color: rgb(255, 191, 191); border-radius: 4px; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 1px 3px; height: auto; line-height: 0px; margin: 4px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: auto; z-index: 2147483647;"><br /></div>ehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16459364376847264744noreply@blogger.com1